{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416366358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3634518","title":"Targeted Closed-Box Adversarial Example Generation Method Using Multilayer Heatmap Mapping for Industrial IoT","display_name":"Targeted Closed-Box Adversarial Example Generation Method Using Multilayer Heatmap Mapping for Industrial IoT","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416366358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3634518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3634518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3634518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059744438","display_name":"Zhenhua Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7204-3654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061897648","display_name":"Yun Ti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8021-7493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazhou Ti","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085280616","display_name":"Ou Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4134-9191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ou Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113945947","display_name":"Xuya Cong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2851-8111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuya Cong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048577121","display_name":"Yun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2369-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079301418","display_name":"Houbing Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houbing Herbert Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information System, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","Department of Information System, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information System, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information System, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059744438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210115513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7453,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92923261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"5855","last_page":"5868"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.7107999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.6039000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.3513000011444092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.7107999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.6039000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3634518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3634518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.13016/m2owjr-ei6d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2025.3634518.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2962847335","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2969542116","https://openalex.org/W3096804204","https://openalex.org/W3103123363","https://openalex.org/W3127807678","https://openalex.org/W3171288285","https://openalex.org/W3177184533","https://openalex.org/W3183199078","https://openalex.org/W3192501928","https://openalex.org/W4221156702","https://openalex.org/W4226378932","https://openalex.org/W4292246823","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4294310809","https://openalex.org/W4320483653","https://openalex.org/W4385210158","https://openalex.org/W4386065469","https://openalex.org/W4386075907","https://openalex.org/W4386076145","https://openalex.org/W4386076241","https://openalex.org/W4386081609","https://openalex.org/W4388841193","https://openalex.org/W4390889737","https://openalex.org/W4394597475","https://openalex.org/W4400615477","https://openalex.org/W4402727921","https://openalex.org/W4403510644","https://openalex.org/W4404035305","https://openalex.org/W4406949768","https://openalex.org/W4407304195","https://openalex.org/W4410087201"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning-based":[1],"image":[2,57],"classification":[3,58],"models":[4,221],"have":[5,18],"been":[6],"widely":[7],"applied":[8],"in":[9,50],"the":[10,30,39,86,97,103,108,131,134,138,144,149,153,167,172,175,178,204,208,212,232,236,247,263,270],"Industrial":[11],"Internet":[12],"of":[13,26,34,42,71,96,152,177,235,265],"Things":[14],"(IIoT),":[15],"but":[16],"studies":[17],"shown":[19],"that":[20,207],"adversarial":[21,43,53,64,156,168,179,238,266],"attacks":[22],"can":[23],"cause":[24],"misclassification":[25],"these":[27],"models,":[28,59],"affecting":[29],"reliability":[31],"and":[32,185,197,228,244,246,255],"security":[33],"IIoT":[35],"systems.":[36],"Aiming":[37],"at":[38],"low":[40],"transferability":[41,184,264],"examples":[44,169,180,239,267],"caused":[45],"by":[46,137,171,226,242,253],"non-targeted":[47],"perturbation":[48,233,249,271],"locations":[49],"existing":[51],"black-box":[52,220],"attack":[54,214],"methods":[55],"for":[56,222],"this":[60],"paper":[61],"presents":[62],"an":[63],"example":[65],"generation":[66],"method":[67,91,189,210,260],"with":[68,201],"multi-layer":[69],"mapping":[70,90,106],"heatmaps":[72],"based":[73,81],"on":[74,82,195,217],"encoder-decoder":[75],"structure.":[76],"The":[77,125,187,258],"encoder":[78],"is":[79,118,127,159,190],"constructed":[80],"local":[83,113],"mappings,":[84],"where":[85],"gradient-based":[87],"class":[88],"activation":[89],"generates":[92],"a":[93,112],"feature":[94,115],"heatmap":[95,101,126],"original":[98],"image.":[99],"This":[100],"guides":[102],"target":[104,224],"label":[105,114],"to":[107,129,141,161,166],"salient":[109,145],"regions,":[110,146],"producing":[111],"map,":[116],"which":[117],"then":[119],"embedded":[120],"into":[121],"different":[122,219],"encoding":[123],"layers.":[124],"integrated":[128],"optimize":[130],"decoder,":[132],"restricting":[133],"perturbations":[135],"generated":[136,170,237],"output":[139],"layer":[140],"remain":[142],"within":[143],"thereby":[147],"enhancing":[148,182],"location":[150],"specificity":[151],"perturbations.":[154],"An":[155],"transformation":[157],"module":[158],"designed":[160],"apply":[162],"random":[163],"affine":[164],"transformations":[165],"encoder-decoder,":[173],"increasing":[174],"diversity":[176],"while":[181,268],"their":[183],"robustness.":[186],"proposed":[188,209,259],"evaluated":[191],"through":[192],"experiments":[193],"conducted":[194],"ImageNet":[196],"MSCOCO":[198],"datasets.":[199],"Compared":[200],"mainstream":[202],"methods,":[203],"results":[205],"show":[206],"improves":[211],"average":[213],"success":[215],"rates":[216],"six":[218],"eight":[223],"categories":[225],"6.5%":[227],"7.5%,":[229],"respectively.":[230,257],"Additionally,":[231],"regions":[234],"are":[240,251],"reduced":[241],"30%":[243],"18%,":[245],"overall":[248],"magnitudes":[250],"decreased":[252],"18%":[254],"11%,":[256],"effectively":[261],"enhances":[262],"reducing":[269],"regions.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-11-19T00:00:00"}