{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416113908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508","title":"End-to-End Joint Waveform and Beamforming Optimization for RF Wireless Power Transfer With Hybrid Transmit Architecture and Nonlinear Energy Harvesters","display_name":"End-to-End Joint Waveform and Beamforming Optimization for RF Wireless Power Transfer With Hybrid Transmit Architecture and Nonlinear Energy Harvesters","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416113908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101832437","display_name":"Abdul Basit Khattak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4306-8019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Basit Khattak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4306-8019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092401257","display_name":"Amirhossein Azarbahram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1494-5309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amirhossein Azarbahram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1494-5309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001946715","display_name":"Deepak Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9116-1015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9116-1015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035872239","display_name":"Matti Latva\u2010aho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-0969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Latva-Aho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-0969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034968363","display_name":"Onel L. Alcaraz L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1838-5183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onel L. A. L\u00f3pez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1838-5183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27745042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"10196","last_page":"10212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.683899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-power-transfer","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.5586000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.4392000138759613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.683899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779423816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856398","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","level":3,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.5586000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17103352","display_name":"Maximum power transfer theorem","level":3,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196054291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7276624","display_name":"RF power amplifier","level":4,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86155754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13636979","display_name":"Hybrid power","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191907038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236476","display_name":"Power bandwidth","level":5,"score":0.2628999948501587}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480712522","https://openalex.org/W1922569449","https://openalex.org/W1990961611","https://openalex.org/W2016161412","https://openalex.org/W2020892433","https://openalex.org/W2032372805","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2081071884","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2107119467","https://openalex.org/W2120345201","https://openalex.org/W2136412816","https://openalex.org/W2145412765","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2152481521","https://openalex.org/W2159054436","https://openalex.org/W2167956149","https://openalex.org/W2170783091","https://openalex.org/W2177372563","https://openalex.org/W2189661557","https://openalex.org/W2272804037","https://openalex.org/W2321959027","https://openalex.org/W2336227589","https://openalex.org/W2531122059","https://openalex.org/W2556373857","https://openalex.org/W2591000783","https://openalex.org/W2612437393","https://openalex.org/W2776419561","https://openalex.org/W2784814017","https://openalex.org/W2805657678","https://openalex.org/W2807908905","https://openalex.org/W2892102532","https://openalex.org/W2917589883","https://openalex.org/W2942101178","https://openalex.org/W2962877407","https://openalex.org/W2963061380","https://openalex.org/W2964218543","https://openalex.org/W2964227303","https://openalex.org/W3000290725","https://openalex.org/W3022803423","https://openalex.org/W3087691045","https://openalex.org/W3120316304","https://openalex.org/W3164550829","https://openalex.org/W3171640870","https://openalex.org/W3208383956","https://openalex.org/W4220687089","https://openalex.org/W4323897327","https://openalex.org/W4378421604","https://openalex.org/W4389040898","https://openalex.org/W4389776622","https://openalex.org/W4403182235","https://openalex.org/W4403183547","https://openalex.org/W4404809428","https://openalex.org/W4408325158","https://openalex.org/W4409985503"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radio":[0],"frequency":[1],"(RF)":[2],"wireless":[3,23],"power":[4,16,30,49,110,118,134,198,215,238],"transfer":[5,31],"(WPT)":[6],"is":[7,34,71,77],"an":[8],"appealing":[9],"technology":[10],"to":[11,18,95,106,131,147,189],"provide":[12],"sustainable":[13],"and":[14,51,64,115,126,136,145,170,204,223],"cost-efficent":[15],"supply":[17],"low-power":[19],"devices":[20],"in":[21,143],"future":[22],"systems.":[24],"However,":[25],"the":[26,57,78,108,116,148,163,185,219],"inherently":[27],"low":[28],"end-to-end":[29],"efficiency":[32],"(PTE)":[33],"a":[35,86,103,123,153,166,172],"serious":[36],"challenge":[37],"for":[38,73],"practical":[39],"applications.":[40],"The":[41],"key":[42],"contributing":[43],"factors":[44,70],"include":[45],"channel":[46],"losses,":[47],"transceivers\u2019":[48],"consumption,":[50],"losses":[52],"from":[53,111],"components":[54],"such":[55],"as":[56,165,208,210],"digital-to-analog":[58],"converter":[59],"(DAC),":[60],"high-power":[61],"amplifier":[62],"(HPA),":[63],"rectenna.":[65],"Careful":[66],"consideration":[67],"of":[68,80,221],"these":[69,229],"essential":[72],"optimizing":[74],"PTE,":[75],"which":[76],"focus":[79],"this":[81,142],"research.":[82],"Herein,":[83],"we":[84,101,121,151,160],"consider":[85],"fully":[87],"connected":[88],"hybrid":[89],"multi-antenna":[90],"transmit":[91],"architecture":[92],"that":[93,184,196],"aims":[94],"charge":[96],"non-linear":[97],"energy":[98],"harvesters.":[99],"First,":[100],"present":[102],"mathematical":[104],"framework":[105],"determine":[107],"harvested":[109],"multi-tone":[112],"signal":[113],"transmissions":[114],"system\u2019s":[117,133],"consumption.":[119,239],"Then,":[120],"formulate":[122],"joint":[124],"waveform":[125],"analog":[127],"beamforming":[128],"design":[129],"problem":[130,149,164],"minimize":[132],"consumption":[135,199,216],"fulfill":[137],"user\u2019s":[138],"charging":[139],"needs.":[140],"With":[141],"place,":[144],"due":[146],"high-complexity,":[150],"propose":[152,171],"particle":[154],"swarm":[155],"optimization":[156],"(PSO)-based":[157],"solution.":[158],"Moreover,":[159,192],"also":[161],"model":[162],"Markov":[167],"decision":[168],"process":[169],"solution":[173],"based":[174],"on":[175],"deep":[176],"deterministic":[177],"policy":[178],"gradient":[179],"(DDPG).":[180],"Numerical":[181],"results":[182,194],"demonstrate":[183],"proposed":[186],"algorithms":[187],"converge":[188],"suboptimal":[190],"solutions.":[191],"simulation":[193],"show":[195],"system":[197,237],"reduces":[200],"with":[201,218],"lower":[202,235],"DAC":[203],"phase":[205],"shifter":[206],"resolution,":[207],"well":[209],"increased":[211],"antenna":[212],"length.":[213],"Conversely,":[214],"rises":[217],"number":[220],"users":[222],"RF":[224],"chains.":[225],"Notably,":[226],"across":[227],"all":[228],"scenarios,":[230],"PSO-JWB":[231],"outperforms":[232],"DDPG-JWB,":[233],"requiring":[234],"overall":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2025-11-11T00:00:00"}
