{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416113922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631493","title":"BBF-Net: Building-Blockage Forecasting for Satellite Signals","display_name":"BBF-Net: Building-Blockage Forecasting for Satellite Signals","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416113922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631493"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3631493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101905223","display_name":"Xinda Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0670-8651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinda Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363910","display_name":"Wenqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3696-1893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3696-1893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015244329","display_name":"Yi Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9565-0628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9565-0628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101762145","display_name":"Yue Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3965-7985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069987140","display_name":"Feng Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-7014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-7014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060689870","display_name":"Dingjie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-0894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingjie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-0894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93912368,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"2686","last_page":"2699"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.907800018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.907800018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.022700000554323196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.017799999564886093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6974999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6273000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5202000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution-of-precision","display_name":"Dilution of precision","score":0.5012000203132629}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6974999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6273000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5202000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200499919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616896","display_name":"Dilution of precision","level":4,"score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776015439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25313558","display_name":"Multipath mitigation","level":4,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986254709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209588","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3631493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3631493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3989643219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5590935133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52371351","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7581285589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41627801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8078554387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61673128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026221531","https://openalex.org/W2047558282","https://openalex.org/W2059571939","https://openalex.org/W2572572557","https://openalex.org/W2630567607","https://openalex.org/W2765305061","https://openalex.org/W2781561575","https://openalex.org/W2898726493","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W2963367478","https://openalex.org/W2963608065","https://openalex.org/W3023869973","https://openalex.org/W3042388964","https://openalex.org/W3046866375","https://openalex.org/W3111335210","https://openalex.org/W3113118202","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3164058559","https://openalex.org/W3189475240","https://openalex.org/W4210958854","https://openalex.org/W4225585096","https://openalex.org/W4285138949","https://openalex.org/W4310540732","https://openalex.org/W4361011496","https://openalex.org/W4386989441","https://openalex.org/W4387024816","https://openalex.org/W4388080223","https://openalex.org/W4391095323","https://openalex.org/W4391164316","https://openalex.org/W4391768646","https://openalex.org/W4391770602","https://openalex.org/W4394627589"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"positioning":[1,131],"provided":[2],"by":[3,112,162],"Global":[4],"Navigation":[5],"Satellite":[6],"Systems":[7],"(GNSS)":[8],"is":[9],"critical":[10],"for":[11],"location-based":[12],"services.":[13],"However,":[14],"in":[15,90,158],"dense":[16],"urban":[17,63,103,160],"environments,":[18],"multipath":[19,95],"effects":[20],"and":[21,67,96,116,139],"non-line-of-sight":[22],"(NLOS)":[23],"obstructions":[24],"from":[25,47,133,142],"tall":[26],"buildings":[27],"severely":[28],"degrade":[29],"performance.":[30],"To":[31],"address":[32],"these":[33],"challenges,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"the":[37,83],"Building-Blockage":[38],"Forecasting":[39],"Network":[40],"(BBF-Net),":[41],"a":[42,73,151],"transformer-based":[43],"framework":[44],"that":[45,106,154],"shifts":[46],"passive":[48],"detection":[49],"to":[50,76,85,114,125,136,145],"proactive":[51],"forecasting":[52],"of":[53],"satellite":[54,126],"visibility.":[55],"Unlike":[56],"conventional":[57],"approaches,":[58],"BBF-Net":[59,107],"jointly":[60],"models":[61],"3D":[62],"structures,":[64],"vehicle":[65],"dynamics,":[66],"temporal":[68],"motion":[69],"patterns,":[70],"while":[71],"employing":[72],"direction-aware":[74],"loss":[75],"emphasize":[77],"satellite-relevant":[78],"azimuths.":[79],"This":[80],"design":[81],"allows":[82],"system":[84],"predict":[86],"future":[87],"obstruction":[88],"events":[89],"advance,":[91],"thereby":[92],"actively":[93],"mitigating":[94],"NLOS":[97],"effects.":[98],"Comparative":[99],"experiments":[100],"across":[101],"multiple":[102],"scenarios":[104],"show":[105],"reduces":[108,130],"blockage":[109,121],"prediction":[110],"error":[111,132],"up":[113],"63.8%":[115],"generates":[117],"more":[118],"spatially":[119],"coherent":[120],"maps.":[122],"When":[123],"applied":[124],"selection,":[127],"it":[128],"further":[129],"7.395":[134],"m":[135,144],"6.365":[137],"m,":[138],"standard":[140],"deviation":[141],"12.906":[143],"8.673":[146],"m.":[147],"These":[148],"results":[149],"establish":[150],"forecasting-based":[152],"paradigm":[153],"enhances":[155],"GNSS":[156],"reliability":[157],"complex":[159],"environments":[161],"directly":[163],"addressing":[164],"multipath/NLOS":[165],"challenges.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-14T23:40:02.550235","created_date":"2025-11-11T00:00:00"}