{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415883221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3628844","title":"FSSL-UC: Federated Semi-Supervised Learning Model With Uncertainty and Consistency","display_name":"FSSL-UC: Federated Semi-Supervised Learning Model With Uncertainty and Consistency","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415883221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3628844"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3628844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3628844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024700033","display_name":"Ahmad Chaddad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3402-9576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Chaddad","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIPM, School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, AIPM, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIPM, School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, AIPM, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935","https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102903785","display_name":"Muhammad Owais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-3043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Owais","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIPM, School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, AIPM, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIPM, School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, AIPM, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935","https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008158408","display_name":"Yue Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8624-3673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIPM, School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, AIPM, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIPM, School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, AIPM, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935","https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109695050","display_name":"Binbin Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binbin Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIPM, School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, AIPM, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIPM, School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, AIPM, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935","https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061379689","display_name":"Sarah A. Alkhodair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8428-3092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah A. Alkhodair","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090099655","display_name":"Reem Kateb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reem Kateb","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia","Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024700033"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862","https://openalex.org/I5343935"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17914965,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"1390","last_page":"1401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.7943000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.7943000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.021299999207258224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6055999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.5289000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-entropy","display_name":"Cross entropy","score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"Distributed learning","score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4196999967098236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8525999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6055999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.5289000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1685498","display_name":"Cross entropy","level":3,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117765406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362437","display_name":"Generalization error","level":3,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93361087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4426698","display_name":"Data consistency","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3628844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3628844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001610032","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W3180500590","https://openalex.org/W4302771278","https://openalex.org/W4312462223","https://openalex.org/W4386076243","https://openalex.org/W4386806338","https://openalex.org/W4387789919","https://openalex.org/W4391250546","https://openalex.org/W4391450443","https://openalex.org/W4392699793","https://openalex.org/W4392901776","https://openalex.org/W4393141525","https://openalex.org/W4393154273","https://openalex.org/W4393156233","https://openalex.org/W4394597808","https://openalex.org/W4399283765","https://openalex.org/W4399531961","https://openalex.org/W4399995632","https://openalex.org/W4400618237","https://openalex.org/W4401750154","https://openalex.org/W4402449881","https://openalex.org/W4403123028","https://openalex.org/W4403125838","https://openalex.org/W4403143911","https://openalex.org/W4405632091","https://openalex.org/W4410108728","https://openalex.org/W4410737986","https://openalex.org/W4413144327","https://openalex.org/W4416250361"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,58],"(FL)":[2],"in":[3],"practical":[4],"applications":[5],"frequently":[6],"encounters":[7],"the":[8,118,146,150,162,174,183,188],"challenge":[9],"of":[10,46,120,178],"limited":[11],"labeled":[12,64,159,180,194],"data":[13,19,67,122,160,181],"availability":[14],"on":[15,131,212],"client":[16,88],"devices,":[17],"where":[18],"annotation":[20],"is":[21],"often":[22],"expensive":[23],"or":[24],"requires":[25],"domain":[26],"expertise.":[27],"This":[28],"scarcity,":[29],"especially":[30],"under":[31,173],"non-independent":[32],"and":[33,44,65,72,99,123,137,202,215,222],"non-identically":[34],"distributed":[35,68],"(Non-IID)":[36],"settings,":[37],"leads":[38],"to":[39,116],"error":[40],"accumulation":[41],"from":[42],"pseudo-labels":[43],"under-utilization":[45],"unlabeled":[47,66,121],"data.":[48],"To":[49],"overcome":[50],"this":[51],"limitation,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"a":[55,166],"federated":[56],"semi-supervised":[57],"(FSSL)":[59],"approach":[60],"that":[61,145],"jointly":[62],"uses":[63],"across":[69],"both":[70],"server":[71],"clients.":[73],"Building":[74],"upon":[75],"existing":[76,151],"FSSL":[77],"frameworks,":[78],"our":[79],"method":[80,148],"introduces":[81],"two":[82],"key":[83],"innovations:":[84],"(1)":[85],"an":[86,101],"optimized":[87],"consistency":[89],"regularization":[90],"mechanism":[91],"using":[92],"Kullback-Leibler":[93],"(KL)":[94],"divergence":[95],"for":[96,110],"low-confidence":[97],"samples,":[98,112],"(2)":[100],"advanced":[102],"pseudo-labeling":[103],"strategy":[104],"incorporating":[105],"Entropy":[106],"Meaning":[107],"Loss":[108],"(EML)":[109],"high-confidence":[111],"which":[113],"are":[114],"designed":[115],"maximize":[117],"utility":[119],"enhance":[124],"model":[125],"generalization":[126,223],"capabilities.":[127],"Our":[128],"classification":[129],"experiments":[130],"common":[132],"(CIFAR-10,":[133],"CIFAR-100,":[134],"MNIST,":[135,213],"SVHN)":[136],"medical":[138],"datasets":[139],"(Brain":[140],"Tumor,":[141],"Nail":[142,216],"Disease)":[143],"show":[144],"proposed":[147,163],"outperforms":[149,197],"baseline":[152],"models.":[153],"On":[154,187],"CIFAR-10,":[155],"with":[156,192],"only":[157],"10%":[158],"(IID),":[161],"FSSL-UC":[164,196,207],"achieves":[165],"1.33%":[167],"higher":[168],"accuracy":[169],"than":[170],"FedMatch,":[171],"while":[172],"more":[175],"challenging":[176],"setting":[177],"1%":[179,193],"(Non-IID),":[182],"improvement":[184],"reaches":[185],"6.33%.":[186],"brain":[189],"tumor":[190],"dataset,":[191],"data,":[195],"FedMatch":[198],"by":[199],"14.47%":[200],"(IID)":[201],"7.61%":[203],"(Non-IID).":[204],"In":[205],"addition,":[206],"also":[208],"showed":[209],"stable":[210],"advantages":[211],"SVHN,":[214],"Disease":[217],"datasets,":[218],"demonstrating":[219],"its":[220],"robustness":[221],"ability.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00"}