{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414647360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3616134","title":"Joint Task Offloading and Resource Allocation for Vehicle Platoon: A Nested Algorithm Based on Stackelberg Game","display_name":"Joint Task Offloading and Resource Allocation for Vehicle Platoon: A Nested Algorithm Based on Stackelberg Game","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414647360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3616134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3616134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3616134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325999","display_name":"Jiahui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1477-6444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145005","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6h1p91","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1477-6444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063376192","display_name":"Guodong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7011-268X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145005","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6h1p91","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7011-268X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101601123","display_name":"Yuan Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-793X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145005","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6h1p91","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-793X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441849","display_name":"Xudong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3943-1428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145005","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6h1p91","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3943-1428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103248542","display_name":"Jinming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7504-9895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145005","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6h1p91","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7504-9895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064021848","display_name":"Wenjing Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-5478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145005","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6h1p91","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-5478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, and the School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100325999"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2773533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"24","first_page":"53288","last_page":"53307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.9537000060081482,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9072999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6722999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platoon","display_name":"Platoon","score":0.6689000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.542900025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyapunov-optimization","display_name":"Lyapunov optimization","score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.824400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6722999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061967","display_name":"Platoon","level":3,"score":0.6689000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.542900025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101403955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6707083","display_name":"Lyapunov optimization","level":5,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.445499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51332947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172305","display_name":"Shared resource","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1092142","display_name":"Computational resource","level":3,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196921405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786431","display_name":"Online algorithm","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778079155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288500","display_name":"Potential game","level":3,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3616134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3616134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8354634817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2500900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2914006436","https://openalex.org/W2960580789","https://openalex.org/W2962385136","https://openalex.org/W2984631333","https://openalex.org/W2997499903","https://openalex.org/W3003372467","https://openalex.org/W3048697798","https://openalex.org/W3108853510","https://openalex.org/W3174997142","https://openalex.org/W3181406820","https://openalex.org/W3187306019","https://openalex.org/W3191798614","https://openalex.org/W3197724828","https://openalex.org/W3203417629","https://openalex.org/W4226178627","https://openalex.org/W4285187367","https://openalex.org/W4285189370","https://openalex.org/W4285273963","https://openalex.org/W4319996394","https://openalex.org/W4320002923","https://openalex.org/W4364322321","https://openalex.org/W4387917775","https://openalex.org/W4388206738","https://openalex.org/W4390017884","https://openalex.org/W4392251539","https://openalex.org/W4401357140","https://openalex.org/W4404132750","https://openalex.org/W4404300465","https://openalex.org/W4404799733","https://openalex.org/W4406457768","https://openalex.org/W4407212669","https://openalex.org/W4407376593","https://openalex.org/W4407450253"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,61,108,114,124,127,130,146,162,171,189,200,203,218],"increasing":[2],"computational":[3,206],"demands":[4],"of":[5,101,118,126,132,164],"intelligent":[6],"connected":[7],"vehicles":[8,86],"(ICVs),":[9],"traditional":[10],"roadside":[11],"mobile":[12,23],"edge":[13,42],"computing":[14,24,78,93],"(MEC)":[15],"faces":[16],"resource":[17,31,66,105],"and":[18,33,65,71,88,104,120,129,155,160,181,235,240],"coverage":[19],"limitations.":[20],"As":[21],"a":[22,26,97,138,165,176,209],"entity,":[25],"vehicle":[27,49,69,76,109],"platoon":[28,77,85],"enables":[29],"coordinated":[30],"scheduling":[32],"low-latency":[34],"communication,":[35],"serving":[36],"as":[37,92],"an":[38],"effective":[39],"supplement":[40],"to":[41,112,144,195],"computing.":[43],"However,":[44],"limited":[45],"onboard":[46],"resources":[47,207],"make":[48],"platoons":[50,70],"insufficient":[51],"for":[52,199],"handling":[53],"heavy":[54],"task":[55,63,102,231],"loads.":[56],"This":[57],"study":[58],"focuses":[59],"on":[60,170,217],"joint":[62,98],"offloading":[64,103,197,220],"allocation":[67,106],"between":[68],"MEC":[72,89],"servers.":[73],"A":[74],"MEC-assisted":[75],"network":[79],"(MVPCN)":[80],"is":[81],"constructed,":[82],"where":[83],"both":[84],"(PVs)":[87],"servers":[90],"serve":[91],"nodes.":[94],"We":[95],"formulate":[96],"optimization":[99,193],"problem":[100,128,147],"in":[107,230],"platoon,":[110,201],"aiming":[111],"minimize":[113],"long-term":[115],"weighted":[116],"cost":[117,233],"time":[119],"energy":[121],"consumption.":[122],"Given":[123],"complexity":[125],"limitations":[131],"conventional":[133],"solution":[134],"methods,":[135],"we":[136,174],"design":[137],"Discrete":[139],"Two-Stage":[140],"Stackelberg":[141,166],"Game":[142],"(DTSG)":[143],"decompose":[145],"into":[148],"two":[149],"subproblems:":[150],"leader":[151,187],"(platoon":[152],"leader)":[153],"level":[154],"follower":[156],"(computing":[157],"nodes)":[158],"level,":[159],"prove":[161],"existence":[163],"equilibrium":[167],"(SE).":[168],"Based":[169],"game":[172],"model,":[173],"propose":[175],"Nested":[177],"Platoon":[178],"Task":[179],"Offloading":[180],"Resource":[182],"Allocation":[183],"(NPTORA)":[184],"algorithm.":[185],"The":[186],"employs":[188],"multi-agent":[190],"proximal":[191],"policy":[192],"(MAPPO)":[194],"generate":[196],"decisions":[198],"while":[202],"followers":[204],"allocate":[205],"using":[208],"Dynamic":[210],"Priority-based":[211],"Hybrid":[212],"Optimization":[213],"(DPHO)":[214],"algorithm":[215],"based":[216],"received":[219],"decisions.":[221],"Simulation":[222],"results":[223],"show":[224],"that":[225],"NPTORA":[226],"outperforms":[227],"baseline":[228],"methods":[229],"success,":[232],"efficiency,":[234],"adaptability,":[236],"demonstrating":[237],"strong":[238],"performance":[239],"practical":[241],"potential.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}