{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414538297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3614631","title":"WK-Pnet: FM-Based Positioning via Wavelet Packet Decomposition and Knowledge Distillation","display_name":"WK-Pnet: FM-Based Positioning via Wavelet Packet Decomposition and Knowledge Distillation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414538297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3614631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3614631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3614631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067210108","display_name":"Shilian Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3089-4346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shilian Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3089-4346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112909267","display_name":"Quan Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7739-2026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058177640","display_name":"Peihan Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-3090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peihan Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-3090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101929963","display_name":"Luxin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-0364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124847","display_name":"National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/02k4dcs46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124847"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luxin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Jiaxing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-0364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Jiaxing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113127900","display_name":"Xinjiang Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjiang Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5918-4641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038916444","display_name":"Zhijin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-0574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-0574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047444184","display_name":"Xiaoniu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3117-2211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124847","display_name":"National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/02k4dcs46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124847"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoniu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Jiaxing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3117-2211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Jiaxing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124847"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067210108"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30809399,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"23","first_page":"51583","last_page":"51596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9067999720573425,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5586000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-packet-decomposition","display_name":"Wavelet packet decomposition","score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3082999885082245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.840499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5586000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155777637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2736187","display_name":"Wavelet packet decomposition","level":4,"score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3614631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3614631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6890459801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2132952395","https://openalex.org/W2168207139","https://openalex.org/W2172093107","https://openalex.org/W2318965559","https://openalex.org/W2389383564","https://openalex.org/W2522792133","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2755357096","https://openalex.org/W2793996513","https://openalex.org/W2945918851","https://openalex.org/W2966855905","https://openalex.org/W2994638362","https://openalex.org/W3015725441","https://openalex.org/W3094180960","https://openalex.org/W3120412245","https://openalex.org/W3131461523","https://openalex.org/W3145920807","https://openalex.org/W3151110855","https://openalex.org/W4205436213","https://openalex.org/W4214635538","https://openalex.org/W4226489268","https://openalex.org/W4280589898","https://openalex.org/W4283325729","https://openalex.org/W4285121860","https://openalex.org/W4293661173","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4313178035","https://openalex.org/W4313414506","https://openalex.org/W4313590834","https://openalex.org/W4319068519","https://openalex.org/W4323793963","https://openalex.org/W4324149024","https://openalex.org/W4383427899","https://openalex.org/W4394002601","https://openalex.org/W4399619729","https://openalex.org/W4403446434","https://openalex.org/W4404307134"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,20,37,64,112,123,146,162,167,179,190],"efficient":[2],"positioning":[3,29,131,165],"in":[4,164,170],"complex":[5],"environments":[6],"remains":[7],"a":[8,27,73,86,94,100,104],"critical":[9],"challenge":[10],"where":[11],"satellite-based":[12],"systems":[13],"(e.g.,":[14],"GNSS)":[15],"suffer":[16],"from":[17,93],"signal":[18],"attenuation":[19],"multipath":[21],"interference.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"proposes":[25],"WK-Pnet,":[26],"lightweight":[28],"framework":[30],"that":[31,90,127,158],"utilizes":[32],"frequency":[33],"modulation":[34],"(FM)":[35],"signals":[36,52],"integrates":[38],"Wavelet":[39],"Packet":[40],"Decomposition":[41],"(WPD)":[42],"with":[43,99,108],"knowledge":[44,87,92],"distillation.":[45],"WK-Pnet":[46,128,173],"first":[47],"decomposes":[48],"raw":[49],"FM":[50],"IQ":[51],"using":[53],"WPD":[54,159],"to":[55,133],"extract":[56],"fine-grained":[57],"multi-scale":[58],"time-frequency":[59],"features,":[60],"preserving":[61],"both":[62],"spectral":[63],"phase":[65],"information.":[66],"These":[67],"features":[68],"are":[69],"then":[70],"fed":[71],"into":[72],"deep":[74],"neural":[75],"network":[76,107],"for":[77,186],"location":[78],"estimation.":[79],"To":[80],"reduce":[81],"computational":[82],"complexity,":[83],"we":[84],"employ":[85],"distillation":[88],"strategy":[89],"transfers":[91],"large-capacity":[95],"ResNeXt-based":[96],"teacher":[97,135],"model\u2014enhanced":[98],"spatial":[101],"attention":[102],"mechanism\u2014to":[103],"compact":[105],"student":[106],"significantly":[109],"fewer":[110],"parameters":[111,143],"FLOPs.":[113],"The":[114],"proposed":[115],"method":[116],"is":[117],"validated":[118],"on":[119,151],"publicly":[120],"available":[121],"indoor":[122],"outdoor":[124,171],"datasets,":[125],"showing":[126],"achieves":[129],"comparable":[130],"accuracy":[132],"the":[134],"model":[136,142],"while":[137],"reducing":[138],"FLOPs":[139],"by":[140,144,149],"95.9%,":[141],"99.3%,":[145],"inference":[147],"latency":[148],"90.5%":[150],"edge":[152],"devices.":[153],"Experimental":[154],"comparisons":[155],"also":[156],"reveal":[157],"outperforms":[160],"STFT":[161],"EMD":[163],"stability":[166],"accuracy,":[168,181],"especially":[169],"scenarios.":[172],"demonstrates":[174],"strong":[175],"robustness,":[176],"low-latency":[177],"inference,":[178],"high":[180],"making":[182],"it":[183],"highly":[184],"suitable":[185],"real-time,":[187],"resource-constrained":[188],"mobile":[189],"IoT":[191],"applications.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-20T23:13:51.555489","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}