{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414538332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3614592","title":"MIIF-Net: An Automatic Modulation Classifier Based on Multidimensional Images","display_name":"MIIF-Net: An Automatic Modulation Classifier Based on Multidimensional Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414538332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3614592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3614592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3614592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042972776","display_name":"Shibo Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8408-8250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067603229","display_name":"Yijiu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5654-4379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijiu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5654-4379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088837758","display_name":"Naixin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5044-5890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naixin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5044-5890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103831219","display_name":"Jiaming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0391-7407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137766","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/03xg85719","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137766"]}],"countries":["CN","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0391-7407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038169832","display_name":"Xinyu Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0532-121X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhaozhi Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083035118","display_name":"Guibing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4600-734X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137766","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/03xg85719","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137766"]}],"countries":["CN","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guibing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4600-734X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137766"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30863993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"23","first_page":"51516","last_page":"51532"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9372000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9372000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.37470000982284546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8141999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6538000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.3727000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3614592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3614592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5203752927","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2020ZB001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7432911883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024NSFSC0469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048654658","https://openalex.org/W2071707134","https://openalex.org/W2114267371","https://openalex.org/W2115849524","https://openalex.org/W2131141919","https://openalex.org/W2140070574","https://openalex.org/W2155452631","https://openalex.org/W2165501618","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2208938511","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2594479137","https://openalex.org/W2602716155","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2624887404","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2769483473","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2790688030","https://openalex.org/W2795250928","https://openalex.org/W2803445619","https://openalex.org/W2803989302","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2893465991","https://openalex.org/W2902844354","https://openalex.org/W2916238263","https://openalex.org/W2923713650","https://openalex.org/W2963910109","https://openalex.org/W2984025449","https://openalex.org/W3085631338","https://openalex.org/W3093454165","https://openalex.org/W3112647738","https://openalex.org/W3117698002","https://openalex.org/W3128421691","https://openalex.org/W3168231499","https://openalex.org/W3174334351","https://openalex.org/W3176469059","https://openalex.org/W3186414935","https://openalex.org/W3193513114","https://openalex.org/W3212958699","https://openalex.org/W4200567441","https://openalex.org/W4223943614","https://openalex.org/W4293195393","https://openalex.org/W4317743642","https://openalex.org/W4379616233","https://openalex.org/W4382407401","https://openalex.org/W4394862750","https://openalex.org/W4394862802","https://openalex.org/W4404307337","https://openalex.org/W4408017210"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"modulation":[1,99,171],"classification":[2,53,90,172],"(AMC)":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,57,121],"vital":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,35,151,173,178,200],"Internet":[9],"of":[10,47,73,92,118],"Things":[11],"(IoT)":[12],"and":[13,38,51,82,103,112,154],"Cognitive":[14],"Radio":[15],"(CR)":[16],"to":[17,43,87,108,147,161],"ensure":[18],"communication":[19,36],"security,":[20],"but":[21],"the":[22,45,71,89,116,185,211],"AMC":[23,50,61],"technology":[24],"is":[25,126,143,159,168,176,197],"suffering":[26],"from":[27],"low":[28,193,215],"signal-to":[29],"noise":[30,81,123],"ratio":[31],"(SNR),":[32],"non-ideal":[33],"defects":[34],"systems,":[37],"so":[39],"forth.":[40],"In":[41,138],"order":[42],"suppress":[44,113],"impact":[46],"interferences":[48],"on":[49,70,79,132],"improve":[52,88],"performance,":[54,190],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"novel":[58,122],"multi-dimensional":[59,96,106,163],"image-based":[60],"method:":[62],"Multi-dimensional":[63],"Image":[64],"Information":[65],"Fusion":[66],"Network":[67],"(MIIF-Net).":[68],"Based":[69],"analysis":[72],"signal":[74],"model,":[75],"this":[76],"work":[77],"focuses":[78],"suppressing":[80],"carrier":[83],"frequency":[84],"offset":[85],"(CFO)":[86],"accuracy":[91],"AMC.":[93],"Motivated":[94],"by":[95],"feature":[97,150],"strategy,":[98],"signals":[100],"are":[101],"converted":[102],"encoded":[104],"into":[105],"images":[107],"introduce":[109],"multi-domain":[110],"information":[111,135],"CFO.":[114],"From":[115],"perspective":[117],"image":[119],"enhancement,":[120],"suppression":[124],"method":[125],"proposed,":[127],"which":[128],"does":[129],"not":[130],"rely":[131],"any":[133],"prior":[134],"about":[136],"signals.":[137],"addition,":[139],"residual":[140],"network":[141],"(ResNet)":[142],"utilized":[144,169],"as":[145],"encoder":[146],"extract":[148],"distinctive":[149],"different":[152],"dimensions,":[153],"channel":[155],"attention":[156],"mechanism":[157],"(CAM)":[158],"employed":[160],"fuse":[162],"features.":[164],"The":[165,204],"multi-layer":[166],"perceptron":[167],"for":[170],"MIIF-Net.":[174],"MIIF-Net":[175,187,196,209],"evaluated":[177,199],"public":[179],"dataset.":[180],"Simulation":[181],"results":[182],"demonstrate":[183],"that":[184,208],"proposed":[186],"achieves":[188],"superior":[189],"especially":[191],"under":[192,214],"SNR":[194,216],"levels.":[195,217],"further":[198],"practical":[201],"acquired":[202],"data.":[203],"experimental":[205],"result":[206],"shows":[207],"exhibits":[210],"consistent":[212],"advantage":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}