{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414198654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3609811","title":"Reliable and Trustworthy Local\u2013Global Hierarchical Framework for Intrusion Detection in 6G-IoT Networks","display_name":"Reliable and Trustworthy Local\u2013Global Hierarchical Framework for Intrusion Detection in 6G-IoT Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414198654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3609811"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3609811","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3609811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084486325","display_name":"Pengpei Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengpei Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","Shenyang Institute of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0911-6869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085048408","display_name":"Zhining Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhining Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042794515","display_name":"Shimao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5988-429X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shimao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","Shenyang Institute of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chunhe Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7710-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017770710","display_name":"China North Industries Group Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwdhv97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017770710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhe Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Al for Industries, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7710-8702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Al for Industries, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017770710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383565","display_name":"Haibin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-2956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017770710","display_name":"China North Industries Group Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwdhv97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017770710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","Institute of Al for Industries, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-2956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Al for Industries, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017770710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79896698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"8077","last_page":"8091"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6484000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.35269999504089355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8553000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6484000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776973144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6880649","display_name":"Misuse detection","level":4,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3609811","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3609811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2649051739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62303449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2690746700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JC2K01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335655","funder_display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5435670165","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFB4709103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335655","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"6G-driven":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,25,30,40,86,138,174,185,194],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"networks":[5],"demonstrate":[6,152],"enormous":[7],"development":[8],"potential.":[9],"However,":[10],"complex":[11],"and":[12,28,65,106,115,176],"diverse":[13],"IoT":[14,168],"devices":[15,169],"also":[16],"pose":[17],"severe":[18],"cybersecurity":[19],"challenges.":[20],"To":[21],"address":[22],"the":[23,77,120,134,191],"problem":[24],"low":[26],"reliability":[27],"trustworthiness":[29,98],"existing":[31],"intrusion":[32,51],"detection":[33,141],"systems":[34],"(IDS)":[35],"in":[36,143,196],"large-scale,":[37],"low-latency":[38],"scenarios":[39],"6G-IoT":[41,197],"networks,":[42],"this":[43],"paper":[44],"proposes":[45],"a":[46,54,66,126],"local-global":[47],"hierarchical":[48],"Framework":[49],"for":[50,146,190],"detection.":[52],"First,":[53],"reliable":[55,192],"feature":[56,128,135],"processing":[57],"algorithm":[58],"is":[59,109],"designed":[60],"based":[61,101],"on":[62,102,160],"fusion":[63],"features":[64],"multi-objective":[67],"collaborative":[68,107],"optimization":[69],"mechanism":[70],"oriented":[71],"toward":[72],"normal":[73],"behavior":[74],"modeling,":[75],"enabling":[76],"binary":[78],"classification":[79,97,103,121],"model":[80],"to":[81],"effectively":[82,132],"detect":[83],"unknown":[84],"types":[85],"attack":[87,140],"traffic":[88,118],"even":[89],"under":[90],"data":[91],"anomaly":[92],"conditions.":[93],"Second,":[94],"an":[95,171,180],"adaptive":[96],"assessment":[99],"method":[100,156],"information":[104],"entropy":[105],"verification":[108],"proposed,":[110],"which":[111],"can":[112],"accurately":[113],"locate":[114],"upload":[116],"suspicious":[117],"during":[119],"process.":[122],"Finally,":[123],"we":[124],"propose":[125],"gradient-oriented":[127],"decoupling":[129],"module":[130],"that":[131,153],"improves":[133],"learning":[136],"capacity":[137],"network":[139],"models":[142],"global":[144,177],"servers":[145,178],"minority":[147],"class":[148],"samples.":[149],"Experimental":[150],"results":[151],"our":[154],"proposed":[155],"achieves":[157],"optimal":[158],"performance":[159],"five":[161],"processed":[162],"IDS":[163,195],"benchmark":[164],"datasets,":[165],"with":[166],"local":[167],"achieving":[170,179],"F1":[172,183],"score":[173,184],"98.5%":[175],"arithmetic":[181],"mean":[182],"96.6%,":[186],"providing":[187],"strong":[188],"support":[189],"operation":[193],"networks.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-21T06:11:54.161237","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
