{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414154103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3608703","title":"DRL-Based Adaptive Multidomain Feature Fusion for Continuous Authentication on Smartphones","display_name":"DRL-Based Adaptive Multidomain Feature Fusion for Continuous Authentication on Smartphones","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414154103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3608703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3608703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3608703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754583","display_name":"Yantao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7648-5671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yantao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7648-5671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054557244","display_name":"Yuhang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3964-5052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013999580","display_name":"Shaojiang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-7399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojiang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-7399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026107219","display_name":"Hongyu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9052-4868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9052-4868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89597521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"23","first_page":"50355","last_page":"50370"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9108999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.7013000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37229999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8792999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.7013000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5582000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173414695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510276","display_name":"Fusion mechanism","level":4,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3608703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3608703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5440397815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6047278044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023CDJKYJH015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6458999915","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u7528\u6237\u6301\u7eed\u8ba4\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483327747","https://openalex.org/W1509107775","https://openalex.org/W1519268598","https://openalex.org/W1547097662","https://openalex.org/W1933905024","https://openalex.org/W1985110735","https://openalex.org/W2017658349","https://openalex.org/W2020937129","https://openalex.org/W2026364737","https://openalex.org/W2032993485","https://openalex.org/W2035941890","https://openalex.org/W2039004170","https://openalex.org/W2094698131","https://openalex.org/W2104657103","https://openalex.org/W2113446256","https://openalex.org/W2115973169","https://openalex.org/W2135608752","https://openalex.org/W2171502826","https://openalex.org/W2293257959","https://openalex.org/W2296016264","https://openalex.org/W2324076412","https://openalex.org/W2333264597","https://openalex.org/W2371821397","https://openalex.org/W2602244503","https://openalex.org/W2605024226","https://openalex.org/W2728156197","https://openalex.org/W2799891027","https://openalex.org/W2802468168","https://openalex.org/W2810022200","https://openalex.org/W2896561506","https://openalex.org/W2969144795","https://openalex.org/W3004911477","https://openalex.org/W3006519680","https://openalex.org/W3008580541","https://openalex.org/W3048320832","https://openalex.org/W3049022023","https://openalex.org/W3156436407","https://openalex.org/W3159933669","https://openalex.org/W3198320297","https://openalex.org/W3199977483","https://openalex.org/W3208964527","https://openalex.org/W3214918934","https://openalex.org/W4312613760","https://openalex.org/W4366378561","https://openalex.org/W4377989128","https://openalex.org/W4386260529","https://openalex.org/W4390619889","https://openalex.org/W4390872297","https://openalex.org/W4395468431","https://openalex.org/W4396242410","https://openalex.org/W4396708177","https://openalex.org/W4396757510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111375262","https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W2317728013","https://openalex.org/W4252076617","https://openalex.org/W1991205173","https://openalex.org/W2109048960","https://openalex.org/W2977677679","https://openalex.org/W2741481635","https://openalex.org/W1992327129","https://openalex.org/W2912135041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,51],"today\u2019s":[1],"digital":[2],"era,":[3],"ensuring":[4],"the":[5,119,147,171,211],"security":[6],"of":[7,11,146,197],"mobile":[8,28,221],"devices":[9],"is":[10],"critical":[12],"importance.":[13],"Sensor-based":[14],"continuous":[15,67,161],"authentication":[16,222],"has":[17],"emerged":[18],"as":[19],"an":[20,79,154,192],"effective":[21],"approach":[22],"for":[23,157],"protecting":[24],"personal":[25],"information":[26,41],"on":[27,36,69,85,182],"devices.":[29],"However,":[30],"most":[31],"existing":[32],"systems":[33],"rely":[34],"primarily":[35],"time-domain":[37],"features,":[38],"overlooking":[39],"valuable":[40],"from":[42],"other":[43],"domains":[44],"and":[45,99,101,131,153,168,174,191,204,216],"leading":[46],"to":[47,122,176],"incomplete":[48],"feature":[49,75,81,115,148],"representation.":[50],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,111],"propose":[55],"AMDFAuth,":[56],"a":[57,73,103,124,200],"deep":[58],"reinforcement":[59],"learning":[60],"(DRL)-based":[61],"Adaptive":[62],"Multi-Domain":[63],"Feature":[64],"Fusion":[65],"For":[66],"Authentication":[68],"smartphones":[70],"that":[71,127,186],"integrates":[72],"multi-domain":[74,125],"extraction":[76,116,149],"network":[77,126,173],"with":[78,118],"adaptive":[80],"fusion":[82,151],"mechanism":[83],"based":[84],"DRL.":[86],"During":[87,160],"user":[88,158,178],"registration,":[89],"AMDFAuth":[90,187],"implicitly":[91],"collects":[92],"standardized":[93],"behavioral":[94],"data":[95,165],"via":[96],"built-in":[97],"accelerometers":[98],"gyroscopes,":[100],"pre-trains":[102],"Diffusion":[104],"Transformer":[105],"(DiT)":[106],"model.":[107],"Through":[108],"transfer":[109],"learning,":[110],"integrate":[112],"two":[113],"additional":[114],"branches":[117],"pre-trained":[120],"DiT":[121],"construct":[123],"captures":[128],"time-domain,":[129],"wavelet-domain,":[130],"key":[132],"latent":[133],"features.":[134],"These":[135,208],"features":[136],"are":[137,166],"then":[138],"adaptively":[139],"fused":[140],"using":[141,199],"DRL,":[142],"enabling":[143],"joint":[144],"optimization":[145],"modules,":[150],"network,":[152],"MLP":[155],"classifier":[156,175],"identification.":[159,179],"authentication,":[162],"real-time":[163],"sensor":[164],"collected":[167],"processed":[169],"by":[170],"trained":[172],"verify":[177],"Extensive":[180],"evaluations":[181],"our":[183],"dataset":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"achieves":[188],"98.52%":[189],"accuracy":[190],"Equal":[193],"Error":[194],"Rate":[195],"(EER)":[196],"0.94%":[198],"2-second":[201],"time":[202],"window":[203],"10":[205],"unseen":[206],"users.":[207],"results":[209],"highlight":[210],"system\u2019s":[212],"excellent":[213],"accuracy,":[214],"robustness,":[215],"generalization":[217],"capability":[218],"in":[219],"real-world":[220],"scenarios.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-20T23:13:51.555489","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
