{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414153997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3606330","title":"QPUF 2.0: Exploring Quantum Physical Unclonable Functions for Security-by-Design of Energy Cyber\u2013Physical Systems","display_name":"QPUF 2.0: Exploring Quantum Physical Unclonable Functions for Security-by-Design of Energy Cyber\u2013Physical Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414153997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3606330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3606330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3606330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036912928","display_name":"Venkata K. V. V. Bathalapalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4487-3239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkata K. V. V. Bathalapalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4487-3239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070359867","display_name":"Saraju P. Mohanty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2959-6541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saraju P. Mohanty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2959-6541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064738995","display_name":"Chenyun Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9161-1728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyun Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9161-1728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062843590","display_name":"Elias Kougianos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-7628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Kougianos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-7628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94233937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"23","first_page":"49864","last_page":"49883"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9444000124931335,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9211000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5388000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information-science","display_name":"Quantum information science","score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.32820001244544983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5388000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89143813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105423","display_name":"Quantum sensor","level":5,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3606330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3606330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970809377","https://openalex.org/W2008668719","https://openalex.org/W2508297714","https://openalex.org/W2531756634","https://openalex.org/W2919670389","https://openalex.org/W2941500089","https://openalex.org/W2947902637","https://openalex.org/W2990966178","https://openalex.org/W3003319262","https://openalex.org/W3016555448","https://openalex.org/W3017165746","https://openalex.org/W3041090097","https://openalex.org/W3043514756","https://openalex.org/W3083489535","https://openalex.org/W3084088805","https://openalex.org/W3108634995","https://openalex.org/W3112608093","https://openalex.org/W3113529384","https://openalex.org/W3142154257","https://openalex.org/W3153074989","https://openalex.org/W3166055771","https://openalex.org/W3198449545","https://openalex.org/W3208747789","https://openalex.org/W4200016541","https://openalex.org/W4206272744","https://openalex.org/W4211194859","https://openalex.org/W4221009465","https://openalex.org/W4221162061","https://openalex.org/W4223433323","https://openalex.org/W4283396976","https://openalex.org/W4284680071","https://openalex.org/W4285149566","https://openalex.org/W4309809321","https://openalex.org/W4312597262","https://openalex.org/W4315777488","https://openalex.org/W4323041315","https://openalex.org/W4360994378","https://openalex.org/W4378801031","https://openalex.org/W4379875086","https://openalex.org/W4385834298","https://openalex.org/W4386474820","https://openalex.org/W4388820676","https://openalex.org/W4390187095","https://openalex.org/W4390224960","https://openalex.org/W4390874714","https://openalex.org/W4391889619","https://openalex.org/W4393099944","https://openalex.org/W4396886558","https://openalex.org/W4401613288","https://openalex.org/W4401692520","https://openalex.org/W4403393207","https://openalex.org/W4403646608","https://openalex.org/W4405425567","https://openalex.org/W4405705158","https://openalex.org/W4409784331","https://openalex.org/W4410395296","https://openalex.org/W4410761511","https://openalex.org/W4411232872","https://openalex.org/W4411713749"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386278306","https://openalex.org/W2010558539","https://openalex.org/W2580259249","https://openalex.org/W3096667951","https://openalex.org/W4288068867","https://openalex.org/W102880045","https://openalex.org/W2594513438","https://openalex.org/W3038784943","https://openalex.org/W4408881259","https://openalex.org/W3116259561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sustainable":[0],"advancement":[1],"is":[2,188],"being":[3],"made":[4],"to":[5,24,144],"improve":[6],"the":[7,10,26,30,59,68,76,83,92,97],"efficiency":[8],"of":[9,15,29,42,85,96,122,137,217],"generation,":[11],"transmission,":[12],"and":[13,35,52,72,94,102,170,192,196,204],"distribution":[14,61,103],"renewable":[16],"energy":[17,60,100],"resources,":[18],"as":[19,21,109,181],"well":[20],"managing":[22],"them":[23],"ensure":[25],"reliable":[27],"operation":[28],"smart":[31,77,98,151],"grid.":[32],"Supervisory":[33],"control":[34],"data":[36,49],"acquisition":[37],"(SCADA)":[38],"enables":[39],"sustainable":[40],"management":[41,73],"grid":[43,70,78,152],"communication":[44],"flow":[45],"through":[46,118],"its":[47,119],"real-time":[48],"sensing,":[50],"processing,":[51],"actuation":[53],"capabilities":[54],"at":[55],"various":[56],"levels":[57],"in":[58],"framework.":[62,104],"The":[63,184,198],"security":[64,93,112,131,147],"vulnerabilities":[65],"associated":[66],"with":[67,212],"SCADA-enabled":[69],"infrastructure":[71],"could":[74],"jeopardize":[75],"operations.":[79],"This":[80,125,154,172],"work":[81,126,155],"explores":[82],"potential":[84],"Quantum":[86,105],"Physical":[87],"Unclonable":[88],"Functions":[89],"(QPUF)":[90],"for":[91,114,148,177],"reliability":[95,211],"grid\u2019s":[99],"transmission":[101],"computing":[106,116],"has":[107,127,208],"emerged":[108],"a":[110,128,157,174,182],"formidable":[111],"solution":[113],"high-performance":[115],"applications":[117],"probabilistic":[120],"nature":[121],"information":[123],"processing.":[124],"quantum":[129,138,142,149,162,167,179,194,202],"hardware-assisted":[130],"mechanism":[132],"based":[133,165],"on":[134,166,190,200],"intrinsic":[135],"properties":[136],"hardware":[139],"driven":[140],"by":[141],"mechanics":[143],"provide":[145],"tamper-proof":[146],"computing-driven":[150],"infrastructure.":[153],"introduces":[156],"novel":[158],"QPUF":[159,186],"architecture":[160],"using":[161],"logic":[163],"gates":[164],"decoherence,":[168],"entanglement,":[169],"superposition.":[171],"generates":[173],"unique":[175],"bitstream":[176],"each":[178],"device":[180],"fingerprint.":[183],"proposed":[185],"design":[187],"evaluated":[189],"IBM":[191,201],"Google":[193,205],"systems":[195],"simulators.":[197],"deployment":[199],"(ibmq_qasm_simulator)":[203],"Cirq":[206],"simulators":[207],"achieved":[209],"100%":[210],"an":[213],"average":[214],"Hamming":[215],"distance":[216],"50.07%,":[218],"51%":[219],"randomness.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-20T23:13:51.555489","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}