{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7076053557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3599235","title":"Route Optimization in Smart Villages: A Graph Neural Network Approach","display_name":"Route Optimization in Smart Villages: A Graph Neural Network Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7076053557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3599235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3599235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3599235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2025.3599235","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alberto Dur\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8995-869X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Dur\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC-UGR and IATUR Institutes, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8995-869X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC-UGR and IATUR Institutes, University of Granada, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daniel Bola\u00f1os-Martinez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-2908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Bola\u00f1os-Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC-UGR and IATUR Institutes, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-2908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC-UGR and IATUR Institutes, University of Granada, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zaid Almahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1761-351X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088457","display_name":"Northwestern University in Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/006m74d95","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088457"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaid Almahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Media Lab, Northwestern University in Qatar, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1761-351X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Media Lab, Northwestern University in Qatar, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chandresh Pravin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1530-0121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandresh Pravin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1530-0121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Suparna De","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7439-6077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suparna De","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7439-6077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Maria Bermudez-Edo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-4755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Bermudez-Edo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC-UGR and IATUR Institutes, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-4755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC-UGR and IATUR Institutes, University of Granada, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91306152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"21","first_page":"45235","last_page":"45248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10591","display_name":"Theoretical and Computational Physics","score":0.02850000001490116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10591","display_name":"Theoretical and Computational Physics","score":0.02850000001490116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12579","display_name":"Muon and positron interactions and applications","score":0.018300000578165054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13126","display_name":"Scientific Research and Discoveries","score":0.01600000075995922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.6008999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-graph-analysis","display_name":"Power graph analysis","score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-theory","display_name":"Graph theory","score":0.31940001249313354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.6008999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48019999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4564000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106937863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236518","display_name":"Power graph analysis","level":3,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155846161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367","display_name":"Graphical model","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3599235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3599235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/107466","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481/107466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400567","display_name":"Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Granada","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17447180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2025.3599235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 12(21), 45235-45248, (2025-08-15)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17447180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2025.3599235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 12(21), 45235-45248, (2025-08-15)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6638981103897095}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2821738250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2023-149185OB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3052289434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C-SEJ-128-UGR23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330135","funder_display_name":"Consejer\u00eda de Conocimiento, Investigaci\u00f3n y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330135","display_name":"Consejer\u00eda de Conocimiento, Investigaci\u00f3n y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,38],"the":[1,8,34,148,161,187,195,206,215,224,228],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,67,132,150,194],"Things":[4],"(IoT)":[5],"domain,":[6],"modeling":[7],"intricate":[9],"relationships":[10],"within":[11],"spatiotemporal":[12],"data":[13,91],"from":[14,92],"sensors":[15,68],"is":[16],"a":[17,65,116,129,144,182,235,241],"significant":[18],"challenge.":[19],"Conventional":[20],"methods,":[21],"which":[22],"often":[23],"rely":[24],"on":[25,147],"tabular":[26],"or":[27,69],"time-series":[28],"formats,":[29],"frequently":[30],"fail":[31],"to":[32,82,159,218],"capture":[33],"underlying":[35],"complex":[36],"dynamics.":[37],"contrast,":[39],"graph-based":[40],"representations":[41],"excel":[42],"at":[43],"this":[44,219],"task,":[45],"but":[46],"they":[47],"have":[48],"seldom":[49],"been":[50],"explored":[51],"in":[52,57,86,238,244],"tourism":[53],"and":[54,75,108,140,177,223,240],"remain":[55],"unexplored":[56],"small":[58],"villages,":[59,99],"where":[60],"IoT":[61],"networks":[62],"involve":[63],"only":[64],"handful":[66],"nodes.":[70],"We":[71,89,127,154,213],"propose":[72],"an":[73],"explainable":[74],"optimized":[76],"graph":[77,118,164,208],"neural":[78,174],"network":[79,210],"(GNN)":[80],"methodology":[81],"predict":[83],"return":[84],"visits":[85],"smart":[87],"villages.":[88],"collected":[90],"License":[93],"Plate":[94],"Recognition":[95],"cameras":[96],"across":[97,124,231],"three":[98],"tracking":[100],"467":[101],"773":[102],"distinct":[103],"vehicles":[104],"over":[105],"2":[106],"years":[107],"11":[109],"months.":[110],"For":[111],"each":[112],"vehicle,":[113],"we":[114,172],"construct":[115],"unique":[117],"that":[119,185,198],"maps":[120],"its":[121],"specific":[122],"route":[123],"all":[125,232],"cameras.":[126],"conduct":[128],"comprehensive":[130],"study":[131],"various":[133],"GNN":[134],"architectures,":[135],"including":[136],"spectral,":[137],"spatial,":[138],"recurrent,":[139],"attention-based":[141],"models,":[142],"with":[143],"special":[145],"focus":[146],"impact":[149],"incorporating":[151],"edge":[152,201],"features.":[153],"also":[155],"apply":[156,214],"explainability":[157],"methods":[158],"identify":[160],"most":[162],"influential":[163],"components":[165],"driving":[166],"model":[167],"predictions.":[168],"To":[169],"optimize":[170],"performance,":[171],"integrate":[173],"architecture":[175],"search":[176],"hyperparameter":[178],"optimization":[179],"(NAS-HPO)":[180],"using":[181,200],"multivariate":[183],"objective":[184],"maximizes":[186],"F1-score":[188,239],"while":[189],"minimizing":[190],"computational":[191],"time.":[192,246],"Analysis":[193],"results":[196],"reveals":[197],"models":[199],"attributes":[202],"perform":[203],"better;":[204],"specifically,":[205],"edge-featured":[207],"attention":[209],"(E-GAT)":[211],"model.":[212],"NAS-HPO":[216],"approach":[217],"E-GAT":[220],"base":[221],"model,":[222],"improved":[225],"version":[226],"achieves":[227],"highest":[229],"performance":[230],"metrics,":[233],"demonstrating":[234],"5.71%":[236],"improvement":[237],"20.87%":[242],"decrease":[243],"execution":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
