{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413155253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3598480","title":"SWLC-Conformer: An Efficient and Secure Hybrid Architecture for Specific Emitter Identification","display_name":"SWLC-Conformer: An Efficient and Secure Hybrid Architecture for Specific Emitter Identification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413155253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3598480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3598480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3598480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101382897","display_name":"Mingyuan Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1919-8494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyuan Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1919-8494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112644961","display_name":"Zhihua Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihua Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3874-0538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035593971","display_name":"Xiaolong Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5418-5031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115467737","display_name":"Fuqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9677-9722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9677-9722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025349695","display_name":"Dingzhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3104-8504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingzhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3104-8504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054569307","display_name":"Shaohua Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-2932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-2932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101895810","display_name":"Lin Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-6785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sixth Research Office, Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory, Dalian, Liaoning, China","Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory, Dalian, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sixth Research Office, Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory, Dalian, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory, Dalian, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuan Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sixth Research Office, Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory, Dalian, Liaoning, China","Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory, Dalian, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sixth Research Office, Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory, Dalian, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Underwater Test and Control Laboratory, Dalian, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101828923","display_name":"Jie Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5376-1514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5376-1514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93183854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"20","first_page":"43801","last_page":"43811"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.7767000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.7767000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.7750999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.7495999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7369590997695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5798874497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5672524571418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4683246910572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4180167317390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3568786382675171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7369590997695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5798874497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5672524571418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4683246910572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4180167317390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3568786382675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3598480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3598480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2774438223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8180195323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8622392594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-JCJQ-LB-030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772387500","https://openalex.org/W2891054065","https://openalex.org/W2937290901","https://openalex.org/W2973414778","https://openalex.org/W3009816315","https://openalex.org/W3013935691","https://openalex.org/W3016325548","https://openalex.org/W3097202331","https://openalex.org/W3097777922","https://openalex.org/W3136322890","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3170485195","https://openalex.org/W4214569028","https://openalex.org/W4295832353","https://openalex.org/W4296338020","https://openalex.org/W4308628417","https://openalex.org/W4313477264","https://openalex.org/W4318559735","https://openalex.org/W4320029438","https://openalex.org/W4320930577","https://openalex.org/W4365420380","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385480376","https://openalex.org/W4390102399","https://openalex.org/W4390787945","https://openalex.org/W4390815583","https://openalex.org/W4390874124","https://openalex.org/W4396506270","https://openalex.org/W4399039853","https://openalex.org/W4400233900","https://openalex.org/W4401508821","https://openalex.org/W4403321208","https://openalex.org/W4403458147","https://openalex.org/W4403674574","https://openalex.org/W4408233387"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W3123203398","https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W1909006023","https://openalex.org/W4205824991","https://openalex.org/W2111375262","https://openalex.org/W3200723557","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,92],"broadcast":[1],"nature":[2],"of":[3,10,172,178,196,205],"device":[4],"authentication":[5],"systems":[6,45],"in":[7,42,136,201],"the":[8,79,137,153,159,176,185,194,197,203],"Internet":[9],"Things":[11],"(IoT)":[12],"and":[13,31,48,60,64,78,101,113,156,167],"maritime":[14],"transportation":[15],"makes":[16],"real-time":[17],"signals":[18],"susceptible":[19],"to":[20,24,62,118],"forgery":[21],"attacks,":[22],"leading":[23],"critical":[25],"risks,":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"information":[29],"leakage":[30],"navigation":[32],"failures.":[33],"specific":[34],"emitter":[35],"identification":[36],"(SEI)":[37],"plays":[38],"a":[39,83,106,128],"crucial":[40],"role":[41],"protecting":[43],"communication":[44],"from":[46],"spoofing":[47],"tampering.":[49],"However,":[50],"traditional":[51],"SEI":[52,86],"networks":[53],"struggle":[54],"with":[55],"limited":[56],"generalizability,":[57],"high-computational":[58],"costs,":[59],"susceptibility":[61],"extraction":[63],"inversion":[65,124],"attacks.":[66],"To":[67],"overcome":[68],"these":[69],"challenges,":[70],"this":[71],"article":[72],"introduces":[73],"sliding":[74],"window":[75],"linear":[76],"attention":[77,111],"convolution":[80,115],"mechanism":[81,130,200],"(SWLC)-Conformer,":[82],"novel":[84],"hybrid":[85,107],"architecture":[87,94],"that":[88,131,144],"seamlessly":[89],"integrates":[90],"SWLC.":[91],"proposed":[93],"dynamically":[95],"captures":[96],"both":[97],"local":[98],"signal":[99],"characteristics":[100],"global":[102],"temporal":[103],"dependencies":[104],"through":[105,208],"design":[108],"incorporating":[109],"window-based":[110],"blocks":[112],"depth-wise":[114],"layers.":[116],"Furthermore,":[117],"strengthen":[119],"system":[120],"security":[121],"against":[122],"model":[123],"threats,":[125],"we":[126],"incorporate":[127],"perturbation":[129],"employs":[132],"reverse":[133],"sigmoid":[134],"activation":[135],"final":[138],"feature":[139,210],"representation.":[140],"Experimental":[141],"results":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"SWLC-Conformer":[145,174],"achieves":[146],"high":[147],"recognition":[148],"accuracy,":[149],"reaching":[150],"91.10%":[151],"on":[152,158],"AIS100":[154],"dataset":[155,187],"97.89%":[157],"WiSig":[160],"dataset,":[161],"while":[162],"maintaining":[163],"FLOPs":[164],"at":[165],"22.17M":[166],"11.11M,":[168],"respectively.":[169],"In":[170],"terms":[171],"security,":[173],"reduces":[175],"accuracy":[177],"stolen":[179,186,206],"models":[180,207],"by":[181],"over":[182],"40%":[183],"when":[184],"ratio":[188],"is":[189],"0.9.":[190],"This":[191],"result":[192],"highlights":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"introduced":[198],"defense":[199],"degrading":[202],"usability":[204],"controlled":[209],"obfuscation.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
