{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413154885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3595872","title":"Symbiotic Federated Learning for Giant AI Threat Detection in 6G-IoT Infrastructures","display_name":"Symbiotic Federated Learning for Giant AI Threat Detection in 6G-IoT Infrastructures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413154885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3595872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3595872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3595872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hedyeh Nazari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164142322","display_name":"University of Guelph-Humber","ror":"https://ror.org/03srgbm67","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164142322"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125326","display_name":"Public Health Ontario","ror":"https://ror.org/025z8ah66","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hedyeh Nazari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Science Laboratory, Canada Cyber Foundry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","AIMMLab, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Science Laboratory, Canada Cyber Foundry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164142322","https://openalex.org/I79817857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIMMLab, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087870144","display_name":"Abbas Yazdinejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-9777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164142322","display_name":"University of Guelph-Humber","ror":"https://ror.org/03srgbm67","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164142322"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Yazdinejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Science Laboratory, Canada Cyber Foundry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","Cyber Science Lab, Canada Cyber Foundry, University of Guelph, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-9777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Science Laboratory, Canada Cyber Foundry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164142322","https://openalex.org/I79817857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Science Lab, Canada Cyber Foundry, University of Guelph, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038019914","display_name":"Ali Dehghantanha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-7554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164142322","display_name":"University of Guelph-Humber","ror":"https://ror.org/03srgbm67","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164142322"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Dehghantanha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Science Laboratory, Canada Cyber Foundry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","Department of Engineering, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-7554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Science Laboratory, Canada Cyber Foundry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164142322","https://openalex.org/I79817857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073867210","display_name":"Fattane Zarrinkalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-9190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48890080","display_name":"Brandon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp25a50","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fattane Zarrinkalam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","Department of Math and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-9190","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Math and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041541232","display_name":"Gautam Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48890080","display_name":"Brandon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp25a50","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Math and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Math and Computer Science, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4779,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89738855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"20","first_page":"41472","last_page":"41481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9404000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13693","display_name":"Smart Systems and Machine Learning","score":0.9269000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7651475667953491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5918589234352112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5309348106384277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7651475667953491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5918589234352112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5309348106384277}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3595872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3595872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530232915","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2407991977","https://openalex.org/W2517975492","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2604247107","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2911200746","https://openalex.org/W2982426954","https://openalex.org/W3012437309","https://openalex.org/W3044515030","https://openalex.org/W3059813204","https://openalex.org/W3080475059","https://openalex.org/W3086579950","https://openalex.org/W3094345499","https://openalex.org/W4200529500","https://openalex.org/W4224231904","https://openalex.org/W4321019267","https://openalex.org/W4327928262","https://openalex.org/W4384834994","https://openalex.org/W4388676612","https://openalex.org/W4400076000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85,186],"increasing":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,206],"intelligent,":[4,208],"privacy-aware,":[5],"and":[6,23,51,77,118,128,141,149,162,197,209,216],"scalable":[7],"solutions":[8],"at":[9,183],"the":[10,13,17,100,122,178,184,204],"edge":[11],"of":[12,19,25,79,180],"network":[14],"is":[15,113],"accelerating":[16],"convergence":[18],"Giant":[20,200],"AI":[21,182,201],"models":[22],"Internet":[24],"Things":[26],"(IoT)":[27],"infrastructures":[28],"in":[29,68,81,159,213],"6G":[30],"environments.":[31,218],"In":[32],"this":[33],"article,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"a":[37,109],"symbiotic":[38,181],"threat":[39,83],"detection":[40,57],"framework":[41,134,187],"that":[42,168],"unifies":[43],"federated":[44],"learning":[45,91],"(FL),":[46],"graph":[47,112],"neural":[48],"networks":[49,192],"(GNNs),":[50],"HE":[52],"to":[53,102,124,196],"enable":[54],"decentralized":[55],"anomaly":[56],"across":[58],"distributed":[59,211],"6G-enabled":[60,190],"IoT":[61,93,191],"ecosystems.":[62],"Our":[63,165],"approach":[64],"addresses":[65],"key":[66],"challenges":[67],"current":[69],"cloud-centric":[70],"architectures,":[71],"including":[72],"data":[73,97],"privacy,":[74],"communication":[75],"efficiency,":[76],"lack":[78],"interpretability":[80],"AI-driven":[82],"detection.":[84],"proposed":[86],"framework,":[87],"SymFL-GNN,":[88],"supports":[89],"collaborative":[90],"among":[92],"devices":[94],"while":[95],"retaining":[96],"locally,":[98],"leveraging":[99],"PHC":[101],"ensure":[103],"gradient-level":[104],"encryption.":[105],"To":[106],"enhance":[107],"interpretability,":[108],"dynamic":[110],"sensor":[111],"constructed":[114],"using":[115],"self-learned":[116],"embeddings":[117],"attention":[119],"mechanisms,":[120],"allowing":[121],"model":[123],"pinpoint":[125],"anomalous":[126],"behaviors":[127],"their":[129],"sources.":[130],"We":[131],"evaluate":[132],"our":[133],"on":[135],"two":[136],"real-world":[137],"industrial":[138],"datasets":[139],"(SWaT":[140],"WADI)":[142],"representing":[143],"cyber-physical":[144],"water":[145],"systems,":[146],"achieving":[147],"96.3%":[148],"96.0%":[150],"accuracy,":[151],"respectively,":[152],"with":[153,174],"significant":[154],"improvements":[155],"over":[156],"existing":[157],"baselines":[158],"both":[160],"precision":[161],"F1":[163],"score.":[164],"results":[166],"show":[167],"SymFL-GNN":[169],"effectively":[170],"balances":[171],"local":[172],"autonomy":[173],"global":[175],"intelligence,":[176],"supporting":[177],"vision":[179],"edge.":[185],"demonstrates":[188],"how":[189],"can":[193],"jointly":[194],"contribute":[195],"benefit":[198],"from":[199],"models,":[202],"laying":[203],"foundation":[205],"secure,":[207],"privacy-preserving":[210],"systems":[212],"critical":[214],"infrastructure":[215],"consumer":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-08-17T00:00:00"}