{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412718949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3592453","title":"Automatic Toxicity Evaluation for Human-LLM Conversations in Flexible Manufacturing System With Duplex Fine-Tuned LLMs","display_name":"Automatic Toxicity Evaluation for Human-LLM Conversations in Flexible Manufacturing System With Duplex Fine-Tuned LLMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412718949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3592453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3592453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3592453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automatic_Toxicity_Evaluation_for_Human-LLM_Conversations_in_Flexible_Manufacturing_System_With_Duplex_Fine-Tuned_LLMs/32554944","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1267-5079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1267-5079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3555-7677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128412","display_name":"Beike Biotechnology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03fd44j44","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","Beike Technology Co., Ltd, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3555-7677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beike Technology Co., Ltd, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056148718","display_name":"Zan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2388-2280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081933850","display_name":"Yi Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1427-8682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1427-8682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044191416","display_name":"Shujie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-2659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-2659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015910517","display_name":"Yonghui Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-3801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128412","display_name":"Beike Biotechnology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03fd44j44","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","Beike Technology Co., Ltd, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-3801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beike Technology Co., Ltd, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042812133","display_name":"Yuning Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-6221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128412","display_name":"Beike Biotechnology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03fd44j44","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuning Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","Beike Technology Co., Ltd, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-6221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beike Technology Co., Ltd, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375386","display_name":"Yuchen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8384-1742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128412","display_name":"Beike Biotechnology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03fd44j44","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","Beike Technology Co., Ltd, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beike Technology Co., Ltd, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076931295","display_name":"Yasser D. Al\u2010Otaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1464-8401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasser D. Al-Otaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1464-8401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088617561","display_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["AE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, College of Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, College of Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069646989","display_name":"Changqiao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-1086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changqiao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-1086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84839905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"19","first_page":"40894","last_page":"40905"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5982979536056519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duplex","display_name":"Duplex (building)","score":0.5778117775917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.10774311423301697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5982979536056519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99611785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6453233","display_name":"Duplex (building)","level":3,"score":0.5778117775917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.10774311423301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3592453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3592453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:641227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3555-7677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/32554944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automatic_Toxicity_Evaluation_for_Human-LLM_Conversations_in_Flexible_Manufacturing_System_With_Duplex_Fine-Tuned_LLMs/32554944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/32554944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automatic_Toxicity_Evaluation_for_Human-LLM_Conversations_in_Flexible_Manufacturing_System_With_Duplex_Fine-Tuned_LLMs/32554944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2593363103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4244084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3564288279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4834199817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5692104327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62394322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7705936506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024M750259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285210452","https://openalex.org/W4385564993","https://openalex.org/W4385571220","https://openalex.org/W4389518965","https://openalex.org/W4389523771","https://openalex.org/W4399528455","https://openalex.org/W4400878983","https://openalex.org/W4402670748","https://openalex.org/W4409310930","https://openalex.org/W4409361921","https://openalex.org/W4410358938","https://openalex.org/W4410400386","https://openalex.org/W4413180563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flexible":[0],"manufacturing":[1,160],"systems":[2,32],"(FMS),":[3],"empowered":[4],"by":[5,19],"the":[6,52,100,141],"Industrial":[7],"Internet":[8],"of":[9,16,56,126,145,156],"Things":[10],"(IIoT),":[11],"have":[12],"become":[13,60],"a":[14,61,106,120],"cornerstone":[15],"Industry":[17],"6.0":[18],"enabling":[20,123],"dynamic":[21],"production":[22,80],"adaptation,":[23],"real-time":[24],"equipment":[25],"monitoring,":[26],"and":[27,48,54,79,112,137,143,152],"intelligent":[28],"scheduling.":[29],"As":[30],"these":[31],"increasingly":[33],"incorporate":[34],"large":[35],"language":[36],"models":[37],"(LLMs)":[38],"to":[39,99],"support":[40],"functions":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"knowledge":[44],"querying,":[45],"decision":[46],"assistance,":[47],"predictive":[49],"maintenance,":[50],"ensuring":[51],"safety":[53,128],"reliability":[55],"human-LLM":[57],"conversations":[58],"has":[59],"pressing":[62],"concern.":[63],"Specifically,":[64],"LLMs":[65,139,157],"may":[66],"generate":[67],"toxic,":[68],"biased,":[69],"or":[70],"privacy-violating":[71],"outputs":[72],"when":[73],"interacting":[74],"with":[75],"sensitive":[76],"IIoT":[77],"data":[78],"logic,":[81],"potentially":[82],"compromising":[83],"operational":[84],"safety.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"this":[88],"challenge,":[89],"we":[90],"propose":[91],"AugLLMSen,":[92],"an":[93,113],"automated":[94],"toxicity":[95,115],"evaluation":[96,116],"framework":[97],"tailored":[98],"IIoT-driven":[101],"FMS":[102],"context.":[103],"AugLLMSen":[104],"integrates":[105],"question":[107],"automatic":[108],"expansion":[109],"mechanism":[110],"(Q-Judge)":[111],"output":[114],"model":[117],"(O-Judge)":[118],"into":[119],"closed-loop":[121],"pipeline,":[122],"large-scale":[124],"assessment":[125],"LLM":[127],"across":[129],"diverse":[130],"industrial":[131],"scenarios.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"on":[135],"open-":[136],"closed-source":[138],"demonstrate":[140],"effectiveness":[142],"accuracy":[144],"our":[146],"approach":[147],"in":[148,158],"identifying":[149],"toxic":[150],"responses":[151],"guiding":[153],"safe":[154],"deployment":[155],"flexible":[159],"environments.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}