{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412081730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3586658","title":"APT-KG2QA: An Intelligent Fine-Tuning Strategy for Large Language Models Utilizing the APT Knowledge Graph","display_name":"APT-KG2QA: An Intelligent Fine-Tuning Strategy for Large Language Models Utilizing the APT Knowledge Graph","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412081730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3586658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3586658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3586658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112991062","display_name":"Bingqi Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingqi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology and the Huangpu Research School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1014-2294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology and the Huangpu Research School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056097781","display_name":"Yinghai Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9424-8282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghai Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology and the Huangpu Research School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9424-8282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology and the Huangpu Research School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027798299","display_name":"Si Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-346X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802615301","display_name":"China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01z8tr155","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68581759","display_name":"China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/012z62f48","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68581759"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network Security Protection Department, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing, China","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Security Protection Department, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68581759","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ziyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5494-1513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology and the Huangpu Research School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5494-1513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology and the Huangpu Research School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009898370","display_name":"Yanjun Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113138","display_name":"Guangzhou Automobile Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/026fzn952","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113138"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjun Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["PINGXING Lab, Nsfocus Technology Group Company, Guangzhou, China","PINGXING Lab (Nsfocus Technology Group Company), Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2380-9317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PINGXING Lab, Nsfocus Technology Group Company, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PINGXING Lab (Nsfocus Technology Group Company), Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112266818","display_name":"Yu Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7383-1662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111366","display_name":"Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/01ygm5w19","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111366"]}],"countries":["CN","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Range Department, Range-Soft, Surfilter Network Technology, Shenzhen, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Range Department, Range-Soft, Surfilter Network Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390839","display_name":"Yuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0246-0778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control System Security, and Huangpu Research School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0246-0778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control System Security, and Huangpu Research School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056608045","display_name":"Zhihong Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-5359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106808","display_name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vcw4681","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106808"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control System Security, and the Huangpu Research School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","Huangpu Research School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-5359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control System Security, and the Huangpu Research School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huangpu Research School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7588,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87349452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"18","first_page":"38493","last_page":"38508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9363999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8207439184188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.5094111561775208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4687141478061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4018881320953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3291284739971161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3200269937515259}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8207439184188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.5094111561775208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4687141478061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4018881320953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3291284739971161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3200269937515259}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3586658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3586658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6064493666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2436208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8812891240","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W3211888892","https://openalex.org/W4286375281","https://openalex.org/W4319863510","https://openalex.org/W4390692489","https://openalex.org/W4391093150","https://openalex.org/W4391877047","https://openalex.org/W4392353733","https://openalex.org/W4392849751","https://openalex.org/W4393161287","https://openalex.org/W4398184761","https://openalex.org/W4399119527","https://openalex.org/W4399625707","https://openalex.org/W4401171110","https://openalex.org/W4402158164","https://openalex.org/W4402667093","https://openalex.org/W4402811916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W4312825515","https://openalex.org/W4306742369","https://openalex.org/W4303457083","https://openalex.org/W2131146434","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W4376623224","https://openalex.org/W4387849428","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,32,103],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,4,13,29,35,162,194],"Internet":[3],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"devices,":[7],"now":[8],"numbering":[9],"in":[10,40,73,85,164,168,175,198],"the":[11,112,153,192],"tens":[12],"billions,":[14],"has":[15],"exposed":[16],"new":[17],"attack":[18,52,86],"surfaces":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,98,110,133],"their":[22],"heterogeneous":[23],"network":[24],"architectures":[25],"and":[26,50,89,166,179,189],"vast":[27],"numbers":[28],"distributed":[30],"endpoints.":[31],"offensive-defensive":[33],"dynamics":[34],"Advanced":[36],"Persistent":[37],"Threats":[38],"(APTs)":[39],"IoT":[41],"environments":[42],"exhibit":[43],"unique":[44],"complexities,":[45],"including":[46],"enhanced":[47],"stealth":[48],"capabilities":[49],"prolonged":[51],"lifecycles.":[53],"This":[54,67,181],"paper":[55],"introduces":[56],"APT-KG2QA,":[57],"a":[58,106,117,124],"knowledge":[59,158,196],"graph-driven":[60],"framework":[61],"for":[62,79,145,207],"generating":[63],"specialized":[64],"question-answering":[65],"datasets.":[66],"methodology":[68,104],"addresses":[69],"two":[70],"critical":[71],"challenges":[72],"deploying":[74],"large":[75],"language":[76],"models":[77,154],"(LLMs)":[78],"cybersecurity":[80,200],"applications:":[81],"mitigating":[82],"inherent":[83],"biases":[84],"behavior":[87],"recognition":[88],"overcoming":[90],"logical":[91],"reasoning":[92],"deficits":[93],"stemming":[94],"from":[95],"limited":[96],"access":[97],"high-quality,":[99],"domain-specific":[100],"training":[101],"data.":[102,137],"utilizes":[105],"systematic":[107],"conversion":[108],"mechanism":[109],"translate":[111],"APT":[113],"KG":[114],"data":[115],"into":[116],"hierarchical":[118],"instruction":[119],"template":[120,127],"framework,":[121],"which":[122],"incorporates":[123],"hybrid":[125],"prompt":[126],"engine":[128],"with":[129,156],"adversarial":[130],"augmentation":[131],"modules":[132],"produce":[134],"domain-adaptive":[135],"fine-tuning":[136,144],"Low-Rank":[138],"Adaptation":[139],"(LoRA)":[140],"technique":[141],"facilitates":[142],"parameter-efficient":[143],"four":[146],"basic":[147],"models.":[148],"Experimental":[149],"results":[150],"indicate":[151],"that":[152],"enriched":[155],"domain":[157],"achieve":[159],"average":[160],"increases":[161],"577.7%":[163],"BLEU-4":[165],"623.7%":[167],"ROUGE-L":[169],"measures,":[170],"showing":[171],"significant":[172],"enhancements":[173],"noted":[174],"output":[176],"correctness,":[177],"relevance,":[178],"comprehensibility.":[180],"study":[182],"explores":[183],"cross-modal":[184],"integration":[185],"pathways":[186],"between":[187],"KGs":[188],"LLMs,":[190],"confirming":[191],"effectiveness":[193],"structured":[195],"infusion":[197],"improving":[199],"analysis":[201],"capabilities,":[202],"thus":[203],"offering":[204],"methodological":[205],"guidance":[206],"developing":[208],"intelligent":[209],"security":[210],"defense":[211],"systems.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}