{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411948814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3583477","title":"Exploring the Boundaries of On-Device Inference: When Tiny Falls Short, Go Hierarchical","display_name":"Exploring the Boundaries of On-Device Inference: When Tiny Falls Short, Go Hierarchical","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411948814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3583477"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3583477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3583477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012736869","display_name":"Adarsh Prasad Behera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-5353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adarsh Prasad Behera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-5353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009094309","display_name":"Paulius Daubaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4243-4751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulius Daubaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","University of Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4243-4751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114402769","display_name":"I\u00f1aki Bravo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I\u00f1aki Bravo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks Institute, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","IMDEA Networks Institute, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2449-5884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114402770","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Gallego","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Gallego","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks Institute, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","IMDEA Networks Institute, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076263478","display_name":"Roberto Morabito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4240-9934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1902872","display_name":"EURECOM","ror":"https://ror.org/00sse7z02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1902872","https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Morabito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Systems, EURECOM, Biot, France","EURECOM, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4240-9934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Systems, EURECOM, Biot, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1902872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EURECOM, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1902872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064963698","display_name":"Joerg Widmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-8779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joerg Widmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks Institute, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","IMDEA Networks Institute, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-8779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025956807","display_name":"Jaya Prakash Champati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-8497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaya Prakash Champati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","University of Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-8497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6747,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95054744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"18","first_page":"37456","last_page":"37470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.6916999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.6916999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.695722758769989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.688708484172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29598987102508545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.695722758769989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.688708484172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29598987102508545}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3583477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3583477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2135099885","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2594560857","https://openalex.org/W2605982830","https://openalex.org/W2739601332","https://openalex.org/W2796588635","https://openalex.org/W2905207581","https://openalex.org/W2962677625","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2980856918","https://openalex.org/W3012561096","https://openalex.org/W3026174634","https://openalex.org/W3034429256","https://openalex.org/W3043571714","https://openalex.org/W3049640275","https://openalex.org/W3067862503","https://openalex.org/W3080404596","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3095288471","https://openalex.org/W3107241502","https://openalex.org/W3109233295","https://openalex.org/W3137609883","https://openalex.org/W3162157550","https://openalex.org/W3168652588","https://openalex.org/W3186928351","https://openalex.org/W3198042046","https://openalex.org/W3204676010","https://openalex.org/W3210150990","https://openalex.org/W3216299549","https://openalex.org/W4236099117","https://openalex.org/W4283025620","https://openalex.org/W4283204791","https://openalex.org/W4290043197","https://openalex.org/W4293232522","https://openalex.org/W4306178486","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4366377627","https://openalex.org/W4381489698","https://openalex.org/W4383503739","https://openalex.org/W4384080231","https://openalex.org/W4387227815","https://openalex.org/W4390481262","https://openalex.org/W4390827995","https://openalex.org/W4391807532","https://openalex.org/W4394602516","https://openalex.org/W4395683288","https://openalex.org/W4399121259","https://openalex.org/W4401387079","https://openalex.org/W4401508464","https://openalex.org/W4401538101","https://openalex.org/W4403196715","https://openalex.org/W4405974764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On-device":[0],"inference":[1,34,132,179,194],"offers":[2],"significant":[3],"benefits":[4],"in":[5,99,248],"edge":[6,71],"ML":[7,64,75,247],"systems,":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10,53],"improved":[11],"energy":[12,97,138,174,188,229],"efficiency,":[13],"responsiveness,":[14],"and":[15,41,96,118,137,143,168,189,212,225,241],"privacy,":[16],"compared":[17,215],"to":[18,32,69,91,164,170,216,223,232,243],"traditional":[19],"centralized":[20],"approaches.":[21],"However,":[22,88],"the":[23,46,59,62,94,157,220,227,237],"resource":[24],"constraints":[25],"of":[26,61,239],"embedded":[27],"devices":[28,142],"limit":[29],"their":[30],"use":[31],"simple":[33],"tasks,":[35],"creating":[36],"a":[37,54,153,186,203],"trade-off":[38],"between":[39],"efficiency":[40],"capability.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44,122,124],"context,":[45],"Hierarchical":[47],"Inference":[48],"(HI)":[49],"system":[50,205],"has":[51],"emerged":[52],"promising":[55],"solution":[56],"that":[57,84,110],"augments":[58],"capabilities":[60],"local":[63],"by":[65,133],"offloading":[66],"selected":[67],"samples":[68],"an":[70,177],"server/cloud":[72],"for":[73,93,152,195],"remote":[74],"inference.":[76],"Existing":[77],"works,":[78],"primarily":[79],"based":[80],"on":[81],"simulations,":[82],"demonstrate":[83,213,236],"HI":[85,128,158,184,210,240],"improves":[86],"accuracy.":[87],"they":[89,104],"fail":[90],"account":[92],"latency":[95,167,190,221],"consumption":[98,175,230],"real-world":[100],"deployments,":[101],"nor":[102],"do":[103],"consider":[105],"three":[106,144],"key":[107],"heterogeneous":[108],"components":[109],"characterize":[111],"ML-enabled":[112],"IoT":[113,249],"systems:":[114],"hardware,":[115],"network":[116],"connectivity,":[117],"models.":[119],"To":[120,198],"bridge":[121],"gap,":[123],"paper":[125],"systematically":[126],"evaluates":[127],"against":[129],"standalone":[130],"on-device":[131,178,193],"analyzing":[134],"accuracy,":[135],"latency,":[136],"trade-offs":[139],"across":[140],"five":[141],"image":[145],"classification":[146],"datasets.":[147],"Our":[148],"findings":[149,235],"show":[150],"that,":[151,214],"given":[154],"accuracy":[155],"requirement,":[156],"approach":[159],"we":[160,201],"designed":[161],"achieved":[162],"up":[163,169,222,231],"73%":[165],"lower":[166,172],"77%":[171],"device":[173],"than":[176],"system.":[180],"Despite":[181],"these":[182],"gains,":[183],"introduces":[185],"fixed":[187],"overhead":[191],"from":[192],"all":[196],"samples.":[197],"address":[199],"this,":[200],"propose":[202],"hybrid":[204],"called":[206],"Early":[207],"Exit":[208],"with":[209],"(EE-HI)":[211],"HI,":[217],"EE-HI":[218,242],"reduces":[219],"59.7%":[224],"lowers":[226],"device\u2019s":[228],"60.4%.":[233],"These":[234],"potential":[238],"enable":[244],"more":[245],"efficient":[246],"systems.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
