{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411639970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3583220","title":"In-Situ Dehydration Monitoring via a Stable Diffusion-Aided Single-Lead ECG IoMT: ML/DL Models Shine While LLMs Hallucinate","display_name":"In-Situ Dehydration Monitoring via a Stable Diffusion-Aided Single-Lead ECG IoMT: ML/DL Models Shine While LLMs Hallucinate","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411639970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3583220"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3583220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3583220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093925427","display_name":"Levina Perzhilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3701-4254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Levina Perzhilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3701-4254","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115647406","display_name":"Soumia Siyoucef","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soumia Siyoucef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093925426","display_name":"Rose Al-Aslani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6059-5971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rose Al-Aslani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6059-5971","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023667617","display_name":"Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-0886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066119580","display_name":"Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-4720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-4720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7868,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85917395,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"17","first_page":"36617","last_page":"36633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9480999708175659,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9214000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinating","display_name":"Hallucinating","score":0.9394795894622803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5604478716850281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dehydration","display_name":"Dehydration","score":0.4808155298233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-situ","display_name":"In situ","score":0.45112577080726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"Lead (geology)","score":0.42341333627700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion","display_name":"Diffusion","score":0.4127132296562195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.36144447326660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3344648480415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20970875024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleontology","display_name":"Paleontology","score":0.1612740457057953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12892138957977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.11342567205429077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911011789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Hallucinating","level":2,"score":0.9394795894622803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5604478716850281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778769901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194290","display_name":"Dehydration","level":2,"score":0.4808155298233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216681","display_name":"In situ","level":2,"score":0.45112577080726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.42341333627700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.4127132296562195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.36144447326660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3344648480415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20970875024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.1612740457057953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12892138957977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.11342567205429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3583220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3583220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1910260442","https://openalex.org/W1939143959","https://openalex.org/W1965597588","https://openalex.org/W1972502132","https://openalex.org/W1983511806","https://openalex.org/W1987212124","https://openalex.org/W1995048691","https://openalex.org/W1998059112","https://openalex.org/W2068149550","https://openalex.org/W2088239432","https://openalex.org/W2097527948","https://openalex.org/W2119830502","https://openalex.org/W2144786108","https://openalex.org/W2285072859","https://openalex.org/W2418142487","https://openalex.org/W2565964712","https://openalex.org/W2750696527","https://openalex.org/W2777613790","https://openalex.org/W2906207601","https://openalex.org/W2971279673","https://openalex.org/W2972810968","https://openalex.org/W2995368444","https://openalex.org/W2999117202","https://openalex.org/W3006671052","https://openalex.org/W3009650974","https://openalex.org/W3038776601","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3096650230","https://openalex.org/W3113752188","https://openalex.org/W3132543386","https://openalex.org/W4214742958","https://openalex.org/W4220947069","https://openalex.org/W4297253404","https://openalex.org/W4388119708","https://openalex.org/W4389104983","https://openalex.org/W4400362569","https://openalex.org/W4401023629","https://openalex.org/W4401752707","https://openalex.org/W4402866211","https://openalex.org/W4405458793","https://openalex.org/W4407900180","https://openalex.org/W4409248952","https://openalex.org/W4411949622","https://openalex.org/W6810964969","https://openalex.org/W6842315983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204676188","https://openalex.org/W2992803471","https://openalex.org/W2066036438","https://openalex.org/W2078454190","https://openalex.org/W2108123836","https://openalex.org/W2963350370","https://openalex.org/W2930227984","https://openalex.org/W2063248114","https://openalex.org/W2528648655","https://openalex.org/W2520145460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,184,240],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,40,91,113,121],"novel,":[4],"non-invasive":[5],"approach":[6],"to":[7,25,53,115,127,199,213,223,237],"monitor":[8],"hydration":[9,108,151,205],"status":[10],"using":[11,64,147,159],"single-lead":[12,148],"electrocardiogram":[13],"(ECG)":[14],"signals.":[15],"MAX86150":[16],"internet":[17],"of":[18,90,110,146,189,217,247],"medical":[19],"things":[20],"(IoMT)":[21],"module":[22],"is":[23,51,62,77,125],"utilized":[24],"collect":[26],"raw":[27],"1-lead":[28],"ECG":[29,42,55,60,72,149,168,202,219,226],"data":[30,61,76,203,220],"from":[31],"65":[32],"subjects":[33,111],"under":[34],"fasting":[35,137],"and":[36,84,104,139,175,194,209,221,230],"exercise":[37],"conditions,":[38],"creating":[39],"labeled":[41],"dataset.":[43],"To":[44],"augment":[45],"the":[46,54,70,144,154,172,187,214,218,245,251],"dataset,":[47],"white":[48],"Gaussian":[49],"noise":[50],"added":[52],"segments.":[56,73],"In":[57],"addition,":[58],"synthetic":[59],"generated":[63],"STABLE":[65],"DIFFUSION":[66],"models":[67,87,119,155,192,197],"trained":[68],"on":[69,112],"conditioned":[71],"The":[74,118,183],"augmented":[75],"then":[78],"fed":[79],"into":[80,244],"various":[81],"machine":[82],"learning":[83,86],"deep":[85],"as":[88,171,178],"part":[89],"baseline":[92],"evaluation.":[93],"Two":[94],"classification":[95,100,135],"tasks":[96],"are":[97,157,233],"performed:":[98],"binary":[99,130],"(hydrated":[101],"vs.":[102],"dehydrated)":[103],"four-class":[105,134],"classification,":[106,131],"categorizing":[107],"level":[109],"one":[114],"four":[116],"scale.":[117],"report":[120],"high":[122],"accuracy":[123],"that":[124],"up":[126],"98.73%":[128],"for":[129,133,141,150,181,204,253],"97.41%":[132],"in":[136,256],"subjects,":[138],"98.32%":[140],"sportspeople,":[142],"showing":[143],"potential":[145],"monitoring.":[152],"Additionally,":[153],"decisions":[156],"interpreted":[158],"LIME-based":[160],"explainable":[161],"artificial":[162],"intelligence":[163],"(AI)":[164],"technique,":[165],"which":[166],"identifies":[167],"features":[169],"such":[170],"RR":[173],"interval":[174],"QRS":[176],"intervals":[177],"relevant":[179],"biomarkers":[180],"dehydration.":[182],"also":[185],"investigates":[186],"use":[188],"large":[190,195],"language":[191],"(LLMs)":[193],"vision":[196],"(LVMs)":[198],"analyze":[200],"sequential":[201],"assessment.":[206],"However,":[207],"LLMs":[208],"LVMs":[210],"struggle":[211],"due":[212,236],"time-series":[215],"nature":[216],"fail":[222],"accurately":[224],"interpret":[225],"graphs.":[227],"While":[228],"LLM":[229],"LVM":[231],"results":[232],"not":[234],"favorable":[235],"hallucinations,":[238],"this":[239,257],"provides":[241],"valuable":[242],"insights":[243],"limitations":[246],"these":[248],"models,":[249],"paving":[250],"way":[252],"future":[254],"research":[255],"area.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
