{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411336795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3580298","title":"Exploiting Complex-Valued Representations in Automatic Modulation Recognition: A Framework Integrating a Transformer With Relative Positional Encoding and Separable Convolution","display_name":"Exploiting Complex-Valued Representations in Automatic Modulation Recognition: A Framework Integrating a Transformer With Relative Positional Encoding and Separable Convolution","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411336795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3580298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3580298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3580298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103436421","display_name":"Zhiwen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0717-3887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113058143","display_name":"Xiaoxuan Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-7815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015441271","display_name":"Longlong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-6370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longlong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025127675","display_name":"Xiang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1798-8508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043043084","display_name":"Yuanxi Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6647-8862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanxi Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101548663","display_name":"Tong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-3788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103436421"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07341758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"17","first_page":"35908","last_page":"35922"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7398695945739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.706669270992279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6465111970901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.6345780491828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overlap\u2013add-method","display_name":"Overlap\u2013add method","score":0.5203189849853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution-theorem","display_name":"Convolution theorem","score":0.44613510370254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4283595085144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4280863106250763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4257262349128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4049573242664337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3938785195350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38120877742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.28351378440856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17689907550811768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.16755744814872742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.12258023023605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09959620237350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-analysis","display_name":"Fourier analysis","score":0.09641417860984802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7398695945739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.706669270992279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6465111970901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.6345780491828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181002996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611641","display_name":"Overlap\u2013add method","level":5,"score":0.5203189849853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79587385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2638931","display_name":"Convolution theorem","level":5,"score":0.44613510370254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4283595085144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4280863106250763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4257262349128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4049573242664337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3938785195350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38120877742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.28351378440856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17689907550811768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.16755744814872742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.12258023023605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09959620237350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.09641417860984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76563020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817582","display_name":"Fractional Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3580298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3580298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4444537753","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12002380","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4998861757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101575","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8803277762","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0140301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G885265327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114267371","https://openalex.org/W2147893740","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2795250928","https://openalex.org/W2912136746","https://openalex.org/W2963809753","https://openalex.org/W2998637290","https://openalex.org/W3000943722","https://openalex.org/W3032977069","https://openalex.org/W3044062942","https://openalex.org/W3101503122","https://openalex.org/W3155899199","https://openalex.org/W3190992837","https://openalex.org/W4205172454","https://openalex.org/W4210557982","https://openalex.org/W4225874584","https://openalex.org/W4285106632","https://openalex.org/W4285258652","https://openalex.org/W4285813793","https://openalex.org/W4286255690","https://openalex.org/W4312262250","https://openalex.org/W4312348313","https://openalex.org/W4317642578","https://openalex.org/W4320015862","https://openalex.org/W4320029513","https://openalex.org/W4323338327","https://openalex.org/W4362631723","https://openalex.org/W4367663488","https://openalex.org/W4377233869","https://openalex.org/W4385267650","https://openalex.org/W4385453438","https://openalex.org/W4386029034","https://openalex.org/W4386303287","https://openalex.org/W4386959728","https://openalex.org/W4387880467","https://openalex.org/W4389065273","https://openalex.org/W4390738763","https://openalex.org/W4392449278","https://openalex.org/W4392940045","https://openalex.org/W4393078957","https://openalex.org/W4399943253","https://openalex.org/W4400230063","https://openalex.org/W4401106131","https://openalex.org/W4401914370","https://openalex.org/W4402351694","https://openalex.org/W4402830484","https://openalex.org/W4403210290","https://openalex.org/W4404609015","https://openalex.org/W4404915464","https://openalex.org/W4407783187","https://openalex.org/W4408565563","https://openalex.org/W6738884980","https://openalex.org/W6917408469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4363675452","https://openalex.org/W2267589039","https://openalex.org/W4372260258","https://openalex.org/W2293685972","https://openalex.org/W2919798019","https://openalex.org/W2165363605","https://openalex.org/W2951893332","https://openalex.org/W2237264087","https://openalex.org/W2361284596","https://openalex.org/W2952560676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"modulation":[1,25],"recognition":[2],"plays":[3],"a":[4,59,210],"critical":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,11,74,91,109,186,192,226],"military":[8],"applications,":[9],"particularly":[10],"electronic":[12],"warfare,":[13],"spectrum":[14],"surveillance,":[15],"and":[16,34,46,71,95,122,141,188],"secure":[17],"communication":[18],"systems.":[19],"The":[20,78,175,205],"precise":[21],"identification":[22],"of":[23,36,41,86,173],"signal":[24,227],"modes":[26],"is":[27,198],"crucial":[28],"for":[29,213,221],"ensuring":[30],"the":[31,39,65,75,83,92,97,110,114,128,134,163,170,223],"efficacy,":[32],"security,":[33],"efficiency":[35,140],"communications.":[37],"Given":[38],"problems":[40],"limited":[42],"feature":[43,143,156],"extraction":[44,144],"capability":[45,145],"performance":[47,180],"degradation":[48],"when":[49],"dealing":[50],"with":[51,67],"low":[52,193],"signal-to-noise":[53,183,194],"ratio":[54,165,184,195],"signals,":[55],"this":[56],"work":[57],"proposes":[58],"novel":[60],"model":[61,176,225],"architecture":[62],"that":[63],"combines":[64],"Transformer":[66,115,224],"relative":[68,106],"position":[69,107,124],"encoding":[70,108,125],"separable":[72,148],"convolution":[73,149],"complex":[76,84,101,111,119],"domain.":[77],"network":[79],"can":[80,160],"directly":[81],"process":[82],"representation":[85],"signals":[87],"to":[88,99,126,168,202],"capture":[89],"features":[90,167],"time-frequency":[93],"domain":[94,112],"enhance":[96,127],"ability":[98],"recognize":[100],"signals.":[102],"This":[103],"method":[104],"introduces":[105],"into":[113],"framework,":[116],"which":[117,159,197],"uses":[118],"attention":[120],"mechanisms":[121],"adaptive":[123],"model\u2019s":[129],"long-range":[130],"modeling":[131],"capability.":[132],"At":[133],"same":[135],"time,":[136],"it":[137],"improves":[138],"computational":[139],"local":[142],"by":[146],"introducing":[147],"layers.":[150],"Then,":[151],"we":[152],"construct":[153],"an":[154],"attention-driven":[155],"fusion":[157],"module,":[158],"automatically":[161],"adjust":[162],"weight":[164],"between":[166],"achieve":[169],"optimal":[171],"combination":[172],"features.":[174],"shows":[177],"excellent":[178],"classification":[179],"under":[181],"various":[182],"conditions":[185],"RadioML2016.10a":[187],"RadioML2016.10b":[189],"datasets,":[190],"especially":[191],"environments,":[196],"significantly":[199],"improved":[200],"compared":[201],"other":[203],"methods.":[204],"research":[206],"not":[207],"only":[208],"provides":[209],"new":[211,219],"solution":[212],"AMR":[214],"tasks":[215],"but":[216],"also":[217],"expands":[218],"ideas":[220],"applying":[222],"processing.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}