{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411336817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3580148","title":"Underwater Acoustic Source Localization by TOA With Indeterminate Isogradient Sound Speed Profile","display_name":"Underwater Acoustic Source Localization by TOA With Indeterminate Isogradient Sound Speed Profile","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411336817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3580148"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3580148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3580148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guanxu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9423-4961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanxu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9423-4961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367310","display_name":"Gang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7018-9513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7018-9513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027768147","display_name":"K. C. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4883-2151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. C. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4883-2151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105875685","display_name":"Lei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4534-7625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4534-7625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1689,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85959177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"17","first_page":"35522","last_page":"35542"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.640950620174408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6324012279510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.6140385270118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6017498970031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustics","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","score":0.5672543048858643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indeterminate","display_name":"Indeterminate","score":0.5562567114830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-source-localization","display_name":"Acoustic source localization","score":0.43084225058555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sound","display_name":"Sound (geography)","score":0.41729536652565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33545801043510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18564164638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1389622986316681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08710795640945435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.640950620174408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6324012279510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.6140385270118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6017498970031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.5672543048858643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94624232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150667","display_name":"Indeterminate","level":2,"score":0.5562567114830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93240960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217270","display_name":"Acoustic source localization","level":3,"score":0.43084225058555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203718221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491713","display_name":"Sound (geography)","level":2,"score":0.41729536652565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33545801043510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18564164638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1389622986316681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08710795640945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3580148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3580148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1799285272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62222109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516536271","https://openalex.org/W1568307856","https://openalex.org/W1980716523","https://openalex.org/W2027021827","https://openalex.org/W2028526813","https://openalex.org/W2046220682","https://openalex.org/W2075403247","https://openalex.org/W2100498667","https://openalex.org/W2134060757","https://openalex.org/W2146446044","https://openalex.org/W2151343895","https://openalex.org/W2156476853","https://openalex.org/W2164801693","https://openalex.org/W2170984917","https://openalex.org/W2193142622","https://openalex.org/W2578329429","https://openalex.org/W2763324425","https://openalex.org/W2774514226","https://openalex.org/W2777658955","https://openalex.org/W2895328857","https://openalex.org/W2921989781","https://openalex.org/W2964159855","https://openalex.org/W2991134859","https://openalex.org/W3022039839","https://openalex.org/W3037391995","https://openalex.org/W3087867121","https://openalex.org/W3092530519","https://openalex.org/W3128707666","https://openalex.org/W3133993792","https://openalex.org/W3142940959","https://openalex.org/W3163679798","https://openalex.org/W4221125418","https://openalex.org/W4246841922","https://openalex.org/W4285066106","https://openalex.org/W4287887192","https://openalex.org/W4293057330","https://openalex.org/W4317734040","https://openalex.org/W4320015814","https://openalex.org/W4360584333","https://openalex.org/W4360995469","https://openalex.org/W4367663115","https://openalex.org/W4383890571","https://openalex.org/W4386280762","https://openalex.org/W4391936007","https://openalex.org/W4400679746","https://openalex.org/W4404840370","https://openalex.org/W4407449808","https://openalex.org/W4408323761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W4362661796","https://openalex.org/W2556643280","https://openalex.org/W2325565661","https://openalex.org/W2344578948","https://openalex.org/W46613192","https://openalex.org/W4407693652","https://openalex.org/W2363597014","https://openalex.org/W4366376692","https://openalex.org/W1510681752"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,22,90,131],"practical":[1],"underwater":[2,41,81],"environments,":[3,54],"the":[4,27,40,52,55,70,91,99,104,109,132,137,142,147,170,175,181,184,191,196,215,222,230,239,242],"uncertain":[5],"and":[6,114,150,206,232],"varying":[7],"propagation":[8],"speed":[9,30,106],"of":[10,17,220,241],"an":[11,18,80,96,126],"acoustic":[12,19,82],"signal":[13],"makes":[14],"time-based":[15],"localization":[16,43,204,248],"source":[20,42,83,110,128,185],"challenging.":[21],"this":[23,85,202],"paper,":[24],"we":[25,57,94,135,194],"utilize":[26],"isogradient":[28],"sound":[29,105],"profile":[31],"(SSP)":[32],"model":[33,36,63,101,140,234],"with":[34,190],"random":[35,67],"parameters":[37,64],"to":[38,98,124,158,180],"address":[39],"problem":[44,123,157,205],"using":[45],"time-of-arrival":[46],"(TOA)":[47],"measurements.":[48],"To":[49],"better":[50],"reflect":[51],"real-world":[53],"SSP":[56,233],"used":[58],"is":[59,178,186,218],"indeterminate":[60],"where":[61,183],"its":[62],"have":[65],"unknown":[66],"deviations":[68],"from":[69],"nominal":[71],"values.":[72],"We":[73],"propose":[74,95],"a":[75,116,153,160],"two-step":[76],"method":[77,177,217,244],"for":[78,84,201],"locating":[79],"highly":[86],"nonlinear":[87],"challenging":[88],"problem.":[89],"first":[92],"step,":[93,134],"approximation":[97],"TOA":[100,139],"that":[102,214],"takes":[103],"dependence":[107],"on":[108],"depth":[111],"into":[112],"consideration,":[113],"formulate":[115],"non-convex":[117,155],"constrained":[118],"weighted":[119],"least":[120],"squares":[121],"(CWLS)":[122],"obtain":[125,159],"initial":[127,148],"position":[129],"estimate.":[130],"second":[133],"expand":[136],"original":[138],"by":[141,168,208],"second-order":[143],"Taylor":[144],"series":[145],"at":[146],"estimate,":[149],"then":[151],"create":[152],"different":[154],"CWLS":[156,164],"refined":[161],"solution.":[162],"Both":[163],"problems":[165],"are":[166],"solved":[167],"applying":[169],"semidefinite":[171],"relaxation":[172],"technique.":[173],"Moreover,":[174],"proposed":[176,216,243],"extended":[179],"case":[182],"not":[187],"time":[188],"synchronized":[189],"sensors.":[192],"Furthermore,":[193],"derive":[195],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[197],"lower":[198],"bound":[199],"(CRLB)":[200],"particular":[203],"show":[207],"mean":[209],"squared":[210],"error":[211],"(MSE)":[212],"analysis":[213],"capable":[219],"achieving":[221,246],"CRLB":[223],"performance":[224],"under":[225],"small":[226],"Gaussian":[227],"errors":[228],"in":[229,245],"measurements":[231],"parameters.":[235],"Simulation":[236],"results":[237],"confirm":[238],"effectiveness":[240],"good":[247],"performance.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
