{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410852616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3575005","title":"Model Residuals as Shields: A Two-Level Formulation to Defend Smart Grids From Poisoning Attacks","display_name":"Model Residuals as Shields: A Two-Level Formulation to Defend Smart Grids From Poisoning Attacks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410852616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3575005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3575005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3575005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052239876","display_name":"Tung-Wei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-2867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tung-Wei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113022129","display_name":"Padmaksha Roy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Padmaksha Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101572925","display_name":"Yi Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6901-9194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101484129","display_name":"Ming Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-4545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032275274","display_name":"Ruoxi Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9662-9556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoxi Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002375301","display_name":"Chen\u2010Ching Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-7958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen-Ching Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088660554","display_name":"Alberto Sangiovanni\u2010Vincentelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1298-8389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052239876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15884707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"15","first_page":"31112","last_page":"31125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6550085544586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shields","display_name":"Shields","score":0.5625963807106018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5378763675689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.46074047684669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17852163314819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14419475197792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-shielding","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","score":0.09577256441116333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6550085544586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109589588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253638","display_name":"Shields","level":3,"score":0.5625963807106018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5378763675689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46074047684669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17852163314819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14419475197792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.09577256441116333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3575005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3575005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319788","display_name":"C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36711357","https://openalex.org/W1511733513","https://openalex.org/W1540155273","https://openalex.org/W2040731319","https://openalex.org/W2046033161","https://openalex.org/W2480283529","https://openalex.org/W2805467117","https://openalex.org/W2907763162","https://openalex.org/W2962763344","https://openalex.org/W2969583644","https://openalex.org/W2990692206","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3005548505","https://openalex.org/W3009923424","https://openalex.org/W3048759177","https://openalex.org/W3114686421","https://openalex.org/W3116466274","https://openalex.org/W3117572899","https://openalex.org/W3124225934","https://openalex.org/W3163222347","https://openalex.org/W3173035617","https://openalex.org/W3173165409","https://openalex.org/W4206431431","https://openalex.org/W4280619292","https://openalex.org/W4295832406","https://openalex.org/W4380905914","https://openalex.org/W4392775859","https://openalex.org/W4393159679","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6681302627","https://openalex.org/W6748233343","https://openalex.org/W6748556508","https://openalex.org/W6756074407","https://openalex.org/W6762624416","https://openalex.org/W6846696216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2004758106","https://openalex.org/W2972594493","https://openalex.org/W2340131416","https://openalex.org/W1978459279","https://openalex.org/W2120958736","https://openalex.org/W904035172","https://openalex.org/W4280617453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,44,60,72,106,112,136,164],"smart":[3,61,142,177],"grids":[4,62],"presents":[5],"both":[6],"vast":[7],"opportunities":[8],"and":[9,63,90,108,120,176],"heightened":[10],"cybersecurity":[11],"risks.":[12],"Data-driven":[13],"defense":[14,80],"mechanisms,":[15],"though":[16],"designed":[17],"as":[18,78],"a":[19,42,134,171],"shield":[20],"against":[21,41,146],"these":[22],"threats,":[23],"can":[24],"fall":[25],"prey":[26],"to":[27,38,104,110],"poisoning":[28,73,116,148],"attacks.":[29],"We":[30,157],"delve":[31],"into":[32],"regression":[33],"settings,":[34],"underscoring":[35],"the":[36,58,69,123,128,162],"imperative":[37],"fortify":[39],"defenses":[40],"spectrum":[43],"poison":[45,118],"ratios,":[46,119],"notably":[47],"those":[48],"above":[49],"0.5\u2014an":[50],"issue":[51],"scarcely":[52],"addressed":[53],"in":[54,102,174],"prior":[55],"studies.":[56],"Recognizing":[57],"susceptibilities":[59],"their":[64],"manipulable":[65],"sensors,":[66],"we":[67],"exploit":[68],"very":[70],"intent":[71],"attacks,":[74,117],"compromising":[75],"model":[76,95,130,165],"accuracy,":[77],"our":[79,151],"mechanism.":[81],"Our":[82],"proposed":[83],"two-level":[84],"optimization":[85],"framework":[86],"discerns":[87],"between":[88],"poisoned":[89],"authentic":[91,124],"data":[92,125],"based":[93],"on":[94,140,161],"residuals,":[96],"outperforming":[97],"or":[98],"matching":[99],"existing":[100,155],"methods":[101],"72%":[103],"77%":[105],"precision":[107],"75%":[109],"80%":[111],"recalls":[113],"across":[114],"various":[115],"datasets.":[121],"Once":[122],"are":[126],"identified,":[127],"trained":[129],"is":[131],"adaptable":[132],"for":[133],"variety":[135],"applications.":[137],"Comprehensive":[138],"evaluations":[139],"different":[141],"grid":[143,178],"datasets,":[144],"pitted":[145],"myriad":[147],"schemes,":[149],"validate":[150],"methodology\u2019s":[152],"edge":[153],"over":[154],"methods.":[156],"also":[158],"shed":[159],"light":[160],"implications":[163],"misspecification":[166],"originating":[167],"from":[168],"temporal":[169],"auto-correlation,":[170],"common":[172],"feature":[173],"IoT":[175],"data.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}