{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410427665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3570033","title":"GBFKAN: An Adaptive Multilayer Interpretable Architecture for Intrusion Detection in Various Internet of Things Scenarios","display_name":"GBFKAN: An Adaptive Multilayer Interpretable Architecture for Intrusion Detection in Various Internet of Things Scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410427665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3570033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3570033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3570033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346694","display_name":"Zhiqiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7125-8584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7125-8584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036","https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liyi Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1627-5811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyi Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of New Networks, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1627-5811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of New Networks, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784064","display_name":"Dong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7132-1122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056350898","display_name":"Haonan Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5774-6806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350793","display_name":"Le Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3610-9185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of New Networks, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3610-9185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of New Networks, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052154051","display_name":"Zhaohua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0024-0165"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0024-0165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070856186","display_name":"Zhaoquan Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7546-852X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoquan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7546-852X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036","https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92264634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"15","first_page":"30379","last_page":"30397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8180567026138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7217876315116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6603858470916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6470308303833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.6415265202522278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5291395783424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.4625868499279022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3975818157196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3392472267150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.30114462971687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12019696831703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.08738577365875244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8180567026138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7217876315116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6603858470916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6470308303833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.6415265202522278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5291395783424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.4625868499279022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3975818157196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3392472267150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.30114462971687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12019696831703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.08738577365875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3570033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3570033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1521129253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCL2024A05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334984","funder_display_name":"Applied Basic Research Key Project of Yunnan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2902468357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5585993018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515011698","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334984","display_name":"Applied Basic Research Key Project of Yunnan","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981565525","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2191006491","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2592386911","https://openalex.org/W2727422487","https://openalex.org/W2779598397","https://openalex.org/W2789253769","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2803414046","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W3004777721","https://openalex.org/W3089739557","https://openalex.org/W3118600567","https://openalex.org/W3125993293","https://openalex.org/W3131438039","https://openalex.org/W3159463990","https://openalex.org/W3161599138","https://openalex.org/W3206674745","https://openalex.org/W4220744793","https://openalex.org/W4283817628","https://openalex.org/W4285210148","https://openalex.org/W4286511238","https://openalex.org/W4291710829","https://openalex.org/W4293370949","https://openalex.org/W4300167448","https://openalex.org/W4313378981","https://openalex.org/W4320478486","https://openalex.org/W4323038898","https://openalex.org/W4323545679","https://openalex.org/W4376130364","https://openalex.org/W4386376682","https://openalex.org/W4387335033","https://openalex.org/W4387872076","https://openalex.org/W4388188747","https://openalex.org/W4388505134","https://openalex.org/W4389002278","https://openalex.org/W4391650601","https://openalex.org/W4393140440","https://openalex.org/W4393147080","https://openalex.org/W4393150145","https://openalex.org/W4393152839","https://openalex.org/W4393158440","https://openalex.org/W4393158677","https://openalex.org/W4393161000","https://openalex.org/W4400514115","https://openalex.org/W4400748511","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6867176674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W4254602698","https://openalex.org/W2394461323","https://openalex.org/W2504933265","https://openalex.org/W2216035532","https://openalex.org/W1585302186","https://openalex.org/W2181429049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,70,96,134,148,184,232],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"technologies":[5],"continue":[6],"to":[7,30,41,92,120,128,180],"evolve":[8],"and":[9,22,34,44,60,86,98,132,153,170],"gain":[10],"widespread":[11],"integration":[12],"across":[13],"various":[14],"sectors,":[15],"IoT":[16,42,57],"devices":[17],"have":[18,219],"become":[19],"increasingly":[20],"interconnected":[21],"ubiquitous.":[23],"However,":[24],"this":[25],"surge":[26],"has":[27],"also":[28],"led":[29],"more":[31],"sophisticated,":[32],"diverse,":[33],"covert":[35],"attacks,":[36],"posing":[37],"severe":[38],"security":[39],"challenges":[40,75],"ecosystems":[43],"their":[45],"defense":[46],"mechanisms.":[47],"Intrusion":[48],"Detection":[49],"Systems":[50],"(IDS)":[51],"are":[52],"instrumental":[53],"in":[54,64,80,103,161,230],"securing":[55],"the":[56,67,93,114,122,130,162,166,175,185,197,212],"by":[58,203],"uncovering":[59],"mitigating":[61],"malicious":[62],"behaviors":[63],"real-time.":[65],"Nevertheless,":[66],"growing":[68],"complexity":[69],"network":[71,104,143],"traffic":[72],"presents":[73],"significant":[74],"for":[76],"IDS,":[77,135],"often":[78],"resulting":[79],"a":[81,87,139],"higher":[82],"false":[83],"alarm":[84],"rate":[85],"lower":[88],"detection":[89,186,217,234],"rate,":[90],"due":[91],"intricate":[94],"characteristics":[95],"space":[97],"notable":[99],"temporal":[100],"dependencies":[101],"present":[102],"traffic.":[105],"We":[106],"conduct":[107],"an":[108],"in-depth":[109],"dimensionality":[110],"reduction":[111],"analysis":[112],"using":[113],"t-distributed":[115],"Stochastic":[116],"Neighbor":[117],"Embedding":[118],"methodology":[119],"examine":[121],"relationships":[123],"among":[124],"attack":[125],"examples.":[126],"Then,":[127],"enhance":[129],"generalization":[131,168],"robustness":[133],"we":[136,173,194],"propose":[137],"GBFKAN,":[138],"novel":[140],"interpretable":[141],"three-layer":[142],"architecture.":[144],"The":[145],"structured":[146],"design":[147],"GBFKAN":[149,202,225],"can":[150],"comprehensively":[151],"extract":[152],"perceive":[154],"key":[155],"information":[156],"from":[157],"multiple":[158],"abstract":[159],"levels":[160],"raw":[163],"traffic,":[164],"enhancing":[165],"architecture\u2019s":[167],"ability":[169],"robustness.":[171],"Furthermore,":[172],"utilize":[174],"SHapley":[176],"Additive":[177],"ExPlanations":[178],"method":[179],"provide":[181],"detailed":[182],"explanations":[183],"outcomes,":[187],"augmenting":[188],"its":[189],"credibility.":[190],"Building":[191],"on":[192,211],"this,":[193],"successfully":[195],"identify":[196],"erroneous":[198],"decision-making":[199],"paradigms":[200],"within":[201],"incorporating":[204],"empirical":[205],"knowledge.":[206],"Extensive":[207],"simulation":[208],"experiments":[209],"conducted":[210],"four":[213],"widely":[214],"recognized":[215],"intrusion":[216,233],"datasets":[218],"conclusively":[220],"demonstrated":[221],"that":[222],"our":[223],"proposed":[224],"model":[226],"surpasses":[227],"existing":[228],"methods":[229],"terms":[231],"performance.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}