{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410341659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3569527","title":"An Integrated Evaluation Framework of Covert Performance for LPI Signals in IoT Security","display_name":"An Integrated Evaluation Framework of Covert Performance for LPI Signals in IoT Security","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410341659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3569527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3569527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3569527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072694231","display_name":"Zhenduo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4318-6963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenduo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4318-6963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zihang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4614-2853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4614-2853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680939","display_name":"Yijin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-4670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015960747","display_name":"Rongchen Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-9576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongchen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-9576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04186507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"15","first_page":"29860","last_page":"29872"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8075998425483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5391720533370972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.50970458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4362831115722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3718964159488678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8075998425483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5391720533370972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.50970458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4362831115722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3718964159488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3569527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3569527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G341910972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3072025YC0802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8463942637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099694479","https://openalex.org/W2107755801","https://openalex.org/W2129671132","https://openalex.org/W2314657153","https://openalex.org/W2751764683","https://openalex.org/W2791341367","https://openalex.org/W2808127306","https://openalex.org/W2893286076","https://openalex.org/W2972356967","https://openalex.org/W3015145055","https://openalex.org/W3080357228","https://openalex.org/W3097555526","https://openalex.org/W3133274213","https://openalex.org/W3157290216","https://openalex.org/W3163937316","https://openalex.org/W3197783623","https://openalex.org/W3206876859","https://openalex.org/W4210889879","https://openalex.org/W4285232876","https://openalex.org/W4285247578","https://openalex.org/W4293370677","https://openalex.org/W4295873041","https://openalex.org/W4312387238","https://openalex.org/W4312409121","https://openalex.org/W4312771452","https://openalex.org/W4313855696","https://openalex.org/W4384788007","https://openalex.org/W4385454299","https://openalex.org/W4387757661","https://openalex.org/W4387831833","https://openalex.org/W4388407437","https://openalex.org/W4393033138","https://openalex.org/W4394575944","https://openalex.org/W4394858227","https://openalex.org/W4399110577","https://openalex.org/W4399993909","https://openalex.org/W4402626739","https://openalex.org/W4403212903","https://openalex.org/W4403759239","https://openalex.org/W4404103070"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W4210390481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,13,23,28,31,39,76,117,125,139,159,162,172,261],"Things":[2],"(IoT)":[3],"security":[4,12],"is":[5,70,174,186,215,225,265],"an":[6,67,80,211],"important":[7],"technology":[8],"to":[9,72,113,136,155,188,210,227,249,269],"ensure":[10],"the":[11,24,115,152,157,168,177,183,190,197,218,251,270],"equipment":[14],"and":[15,20,60,93,105,143,167,231,238,273],"network.":[16],"In":[17,64,181],"highly":[18],"sensitive":[19],"resource-constrained":[21],"scenarios":[22],"IOT,":[25],"covert":[26,43,74,259,275],"performance":[27,44,75,260],"low":[29],"probability":[30],"intercept":[32],"(LPI)":[33],"signals":[34,49,127,237,264,279],"has":[35],"attracted":[36],"a":[37],"lot":[38],"attention.":[40],"However,":[41],"existing":[42],"evaluation":[45,85,233,253,271],"methods":[46,146],"for":[47,83,130,205],"LPI":[48,77,119,126,263],"have":[50],"multiple":[51],"deficiencies":[52],"including":[53,99],"limited":[54],"study":[55],"subjects,":[56],"incomplete":[57],"indicator":[58,100],"selection,":[59,101],"low-discriminability":[61],"ranking":[62,106,219],"results.":[63,234],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"integrated":[68],"framework":[69,112],"proposed":[71,111,252],"evaluate":[73],"signals,":[78],"as":[79,88,217],"extension":[81],"way":[82],"traditional":[84],"strategies":[86],"such":[87],"power":[89],"spectrum,":[90],"cyclic":[91],"spectrum":[92],"cepstrum.":[94],"Specifically,":[95],"three":[96],"pivotal":[97],"steps":[98],"weight":[102,145,192],"coefficient":[103,185],"calculation":[104,223],"algorithm":[107],"are":[108,128,147,247],"considered":[109,216],"in":[110,134],"achieve":[114],"assessment":[116],"typical":[118,236],"signals.":[120],"Firstly,":[121],"nine":[122],"kernel":[123],"indicators":[124],"extracted":[129],"subsequent":[131],"evaluations.":[132],"Secondly,":[133],"order":[135],"determine":[137],"weights":[138],"different":[140,201,243,262,278],"indicators,":[141],"subjective":[142],"objective":[144],"jointly":[148],"applied.":[149],"We":[150],"introduce":[151],"cloud":[153],"model":[154],"solve":[156],"problem":[158],"multi-expert":[160],"collaboration":[161],"analytic":[163],"hierarchy":[164],"process":[165],"(AHP),":[166],"repeated":[169],"consistency":[170],"check":[171],"AHP":[173],"solved":[175],"by":[176,208],"optimal":[178],"transfer":[179],"matrix.":[180],"addition,":[182],"correlation":[184],"utilized":[187],"promote":[189],"entropy":[191],"method":[193],"(EWM)":[194],"through":[195],"calculating":[196],"conflict":[198],"degree":[199],"between":[200,277],"indicators.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"Technique":[204],"Order":[206],"Preference":[207],"Similarity":[209],"Ideal":[212],"Solution":[213],"(TOPSIS)":[214],"algorithm,":[220],"where":[221],"standardized":[222],"formula":[224],"modified":[226],"obtain":[228],"more":[229],"comprehensive":[230],"differentiated":[232],"Eleven":[235],"their":[239],"specific":[240],"schemes":[241],"with":[242],"signal-to-noise":[244],"ratios":[245],"(SNR)":[246],"selected":[248],"inspect":[250],"framework.":[254],"Simulation":[255],"results":[256],"reveal":[257],"that":[258],"effectively":[266],"evaluated":[267],"according":[268],"framework,":[272],"thus":[274],"feature":[276],"can":[280],"also":[281],"be":[282],"compared.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
