{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410294724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3568868","title":"A Scalable and Memory-Efficient Architecture for Blockchain-Based IoT Privacy and Security","display_name":"A Scalable and Memory-Efficient Architecture for Blockchain-Based IoT Privacy and Security","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410294724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3568868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3568868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3568868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079721352","display_name":"Hu Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-666X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-666X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047651899","display_name":"Christian Nii Aflah Cobblah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-7792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Nii Aflah Cobblah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-7792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026564599","display_name":"Qi Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2245-2588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2245-2588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003606386","display_name":"Jianbin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-6417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-6417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Security), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86232508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"15","first_page":"29811","last_page":"29829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9003000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9058595299720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8500543236732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6996988654136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5255821347236633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5030359625816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47098442912101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4611113369464874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4161824584007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.38624221086502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34387022256851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11793068051338196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9058595299720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8500543236732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6996988654136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5255821347236633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5030359625816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47098442912101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4611113369464874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4161824584007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.38624221086502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34387022256851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11793068051338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3568868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3568868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G572481615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8807555473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CYK2024-02-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553083934","https://openalex.org/W1868580136","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2009033060","https://openalex.org/W2234639732","https://openalex.org/W2568772110","https://openalex.org/W2765239986","https://openalex.org/W2766401293","https://openalex.org/W2768475350","https://openalex.org/W2793500626","https://openalex.org/W2794159901","https://openalex.org/W2796307943","https://openalex.org/W2895178322","https://openalex.org/W2895570089","https://openalex.org/W2907725578","https://openalex.org/W2911912007","https://openalex.org/W2911995597","https://openalex.org/W2912283946","https://openalex.org/W2940774396","https://openalex.org/W2977253149","https://openalex.org/W3125425014","https://openalex.org/W3132409227","https://openalex.org/W3216093052","https://openalex.org/W4205092462","https://openalex.org/W4210312357","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4213184637","https://openalex.org/W4239731066","https://openalex.org/W4293425945","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4309997706","https://openalex.org/W4382045922","https://openalex.org/W6637618429","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6929372410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W4388131927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,31,72,76,168],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,6,26,33,71,154,160,167,177,214,222],"IoT":[4,23,77,83,112],"(Internet":[5],"Things)":[7],"and":[8,21,30,64,82,99,109,124,146,164,198,224],"Blockchain":[9,53,111],"has":[10],"become":[11],"a":[12,55,107,132,174,226],"hot":[13],"topic,":[14],"particularly":[15],"in":[16,75,239],"areas":[17],"such":[18,92],"as":[19,93],"education":[20],"industry.":[22],"involves":[24],"billions":[25],"devices":[27,35],"connected":[28],"worldwide":[29],"management":[32,170],"these":[34,51],"is":[36,84],"largely":[37],"based":[38],"on":[39],"centralized":[40],"systems.":[41,52],"Thus,":[42],"users":[43],"will":[44],"have":[45],"no":[46],"choice":[47],"but":[48],"to":[49,128,136,150],"trust":[50],"(BC),":[54],"distributed":[56,212],"immutable":[57],"time-stamped":[58],"ledger":[59],"that":[60,118,230],"provides":[61],"decentralization,":[62],"immutability,":[63],"high":[65,96],"security":[66],"can":[67],"help":[68],"solve":[69],"some":[70,90],"problems":[73],"inherent":[74],"landscape.":[78],"However,":[79],"integrating":[80],"blockchain":[81,184],"not":[85],"trivial;":[86],"it":[87],"comes":[88],"with":[89,233],"difficulties":[91],"scalability":[94],"problems,":[95],"computational":[97,120],"costs,":[98],"overheads":[100],"among":[101],"others.":[102],"Therefore,":[103],"this":[104],"paper":[105],"presents":[106],"scalable":[108],"lightweight":[110],"service":[113],"system":[114,171],"using":[115],"multi-edge":[116,216],"servers":[117],"reduces":[119],"overhead":[121,193],"by":[122],"42%":[123],"improves":[125],"transaction":[126,227],"throughput":[127],"658":[129],"tps,":[130],"representing":[131],"2.12-3.76\u00d7":[133],"improvement":[134],"compared":[135],"existing":[137],"approaches.":[138],"Our":[139],"architecture":[140],"uniquely":[141],"combines":[142],"blockchain,":[143],"group":[144],"signature,":[145],"message":[147],"authentication":[148,159],"code":[149],"ensure":[151],"dependable":[152],"auditing":[153],"users\u2019":[155],"access":[156],"records,":[157],"anonymous":[158],"smart":[161],"home":[162,169],"members,":[163],"effective":[165],"verification":[166],"while":[172],"maintaining":[173],"memory":[175],"footprint":[176],"4.2":[178],"MB,":[179],"60-70%":[180],"smaller":[181],"than":[182],"conventional":[183],"implementations.":[185],"Additionally,":[186],"our":[187,215],"solution":[188],"achieves":[189],"21-46%":[190],"lower":[191],"communication":[192],"(240":[194],"bytes":[195],"per":[196],"transaction)":[197],"55-73%":[199],"reduced":[200],"latency":[201],"(850":[202],"ms),":[203],"demonstrating":[204],"significant":[205],"improvements":[206],"across":[207],"all":[208],"performance":[209],"metrics.":[210],"The":[211],"nature":[213],"server":[217],"approach":[218],"eliminates":[219],"single":[220],"points":[221],"failure":[223],"enables":[225],"processing":[228],"capability":[229],"scales":[231],"linearly":[232],"network":[234],"growth,":[235],"addressing":[236],"key":[237],"limitations":[238],"current":[240],"blockchain-IoT":[241],"integrations.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}