{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410115117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3566744","title":"Free Space Optical Links Scheduling and Routing in Satellite Networks: A Safe Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Free Space Optical Links Scheduling and Routing in Satellite Networks: A Safe Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410115117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3566744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3566744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3566744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiangdong Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3446-6883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangdong Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034008140","display_name":"Kwan\u2010Wu Chin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1547-9272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwan-Wu Chin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia","School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100448026","display_name":"Zhuo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-5920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101532377","display_name":"Kaihua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-0129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaihua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Digital Information Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97130859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"14","first_page":"28712","last_page":"28722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7972983121871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7542772889137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6205315589904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5349674820899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5229071974754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5111866593360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4708791673183441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22009679675102234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.1508353054523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.08643227815628052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7972983121871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7542772889137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6205315589904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5349674820899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5229071974754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5111866593360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4708791673183441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22009679675102234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.1508353054523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.08643227815628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3566744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3566744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1745760046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2901100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328373","funder_display_name":"National Key Laboratory Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1782038900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202206250137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5420600281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0115303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328373","funder_display_name":"National Key Laboratory Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8181857235","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCL2023A06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318558","funder_display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318558","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328373","display_name":"National Key Laboratory Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989526406","https://openalex.org/W2099557135","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2248880694","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2909386435","https://openalex.org/W2921679472","https://openalex.org/W2945586008","https://openalex.org/W2964116629","https://openalex.org/W3024145172","https://openalex.org/W3092027903","https://openalex.org/W3107857469","https://openalex.org/W4200620119","https://openalex.org/W4285226612","https://openalex.org/W4290996335","https://openalex.org/W4292387370","https://openalex.org/W4312531397","https://openalex.org/W4313195381","https://openalex.org/W4376480756","https://openalex.org/W4386453713","https://openalex.org/W4387046927","https://openalex.org/W4390357280","https://openalex.org/W4391791566","https://openalex.org/W4391945833","https://openalex.org/W4392153441","https://openalex.org/W4396758450","https://openalex.org/W4399665704","https://openalex.org/W4399766950","https://openalex.org/W4400682008","https://openalex.org/W4401609013","https://openalex.org/W4401980055","https://openalex.org/W4402389293","https://openalex.org/W4403095757","https://openalex.org/W4404480683","https://openalex.org/W4406267781","https://openalex.org/W4407026560","https://openalex.org/W4407373927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,89],"considers":[2],"a":[3,45,61,103,122,152],"satellite":[4,20],"network":[5],"with":[6],"free":[7],"space":[8],"optical":[9],"links,":[10],"where":[11],"satellites":[12,26,37,65],"are":[13],"able":[14],"to":[15,49,53,84,101,105,135,144],"form":[16],"intra":[17],"and":[18,32,57,109,160,164],"inter":[19],"links.":[21],"Briefly,":[22],"intra-satellite":[23],"links":[24,34,56],"connect":[25,36],"in":[27,155],"the":[28,58,73,91,147],"same":[29],"orbit":[30],"plane,":[31],"inter-satellite":[33,55],"(ISLs)":[35],"on":[38],"different":[39],"orbital":[40],"planes.":[41],"In":[42,118],"this":[43,88],"respect,":[44],"key":[46],"problem":[47],"is":[48,79],"jointly":[50],"determine":[51],"when":[52],"establish":[54],"routing":[59,110],"between":[60],"source-destination":[62],"pair":[63],"of":[64,111,157],"or":[66],"ground":[67],"users.":[68],"Critically,":[69],"unlike":[70],"prior":[71],"works,":[72],"resulting":[74],"solution":[75],"must":[76],"ensure":[77],"there":[78],"no":[80],"congestion,":[81],"which":[82],"leads":[83],"packet":[85,116,136],"loss.":[86,117,137],"Henceforth,":[87],"proposes":[90],"first":[92],"safe":[93],"reinforcement":[94],"learning":[95],"(RL)":[96],"approach":[97,150],"that":[98,125,132],"allows":[99],"agents":[100,127],"learn":[102],"policy":[104],"optimize":[106],"inter-ISL":[107],"activations":[108],"traffic":[112],"whilst":[113],"ensuring":[114],"zero":[115],"particular,":[119],"it":[120],"incorporates":[121],"shield":[123],"mechanism":[124],"ensures":[126],"do":[128],"not":[129],"take":[130],"actions":[131],"would":[133],"lead":[134],"The":[138],"results":[139],"show":[140],"that,":[141],"as":[142],"compared":[143],"conventional":[145],"approaches,":[146],"proposed":[148],"RL":[149],"achieves":[151],"33%":[153],"improvement":[154],"terms":[156],"average":[158,162],"throughput,":[159],"reduces":[161],"delay":[163],"queue":[165],"lengths":[166],"by":[167],"45%.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
