{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409882804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3564766","title":"Fault-Tolerant Differential Privacy Routing of Human\u2013Cyber\u2013Physical Fusion Systems for Large Language Models Security","display_name":"Fault-Tolerant Differential Privacy Routing of Human\u2013Cyber\u2013Physical Fusion Systems for Large Language Models Security","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409882804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3564766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3564766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3564766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055176283","display_name":"Limei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7227-6258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Limei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Cyber Security, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology, College of Computer and Cyber Security, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7227-6258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Cyber Security, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology, College of Computer and Cyber Security, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078667775","display_name":"Yanze Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-8701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanze Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-8701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071576870","display_name":"Xiaoding Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0494-3538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoding Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Cyber Security, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology, College of Computer and Cyber Security, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0494-3538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Cyber Security, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology, College of Computer and Cyber Security, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005877741","display_name":"Sahil Garg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-608X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahil Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-608X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037695595","display_name":"Sherif Moussa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9803-0405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherif Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Applied Science & Technology, Canadian University, Dubai, UAE","Applied Science and Technology, School of Engineering, Canadian University, Dubai"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9803-0405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Applied Science & Technology, Canadian University, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Science and Technology, School of Engineering, Canadian University, Dubai","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049726789","display_name":"Mubarak Alrashoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mubarak Alrashoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Software Engineering (SWE), College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-7414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering (SWE), College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3589,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87636779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"24","first_page":"51821","last_page":"51831"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.6919999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.6919999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7947173118591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"Differential privacy","score":0.5842287540435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.542431116104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.539587676525116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4842621684074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4109063446521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3286173939704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.13309797644615173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7947173118591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23130292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275358","display_name":"Differential privacy","level":2,"score":0.5842287540435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.542431116104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.539587676525116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4842621684074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4109063446521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3286173939704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.13309797644615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3564766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3564766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1522679168","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"171061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326297","funder_display_name":"Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1972098169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021J05228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3427569034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4338921842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024J09032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4481851352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4875579843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1905211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326297","display_name":"Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3087425401","https://openalex.org/W3092206606","https://openalex.org/W3129875850","https://openalex.org/W3133873791","https://openalex.org/W3180114603","https://openalex.org/W3214576000","https://openalex.org/W4200103687","https://openalex.org/W4200282840","https://openalex.org/W4206030905","https://openalex.org/W4220667243","https://openalex.org/W4224316713","https://openalex.org/W4224932126","https://openalex.org/W4280567426","https://openalex.org/W4297969148","https://openalex.org/W4316022290","https://openalex.org/W4323022522","https://openalex.org/W4382119200","https://openalex.org/W4385080276","https://openalex.org/W4390187627","https://openalex.org/W4390422211","https://openalex.org/W4390480779","https://openalex.org/W4391021891","https://openalex.org/W4392208039","https://openalex.org/W4392405447","https://openalex.org/W4393160633","https://openalex.org/W4396735673","https://openalex.org/W4396736341","https://openalex.org/W4401990041","https://openalex.org/W4402302904","https://openalex.org/W4404293809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3038283795","https://openalex.org/W2604501336","https://openalex.org/W2558166297","https://openalex.org/W2734500670","https://openalex.org/W2315671126","https://openalex.org/W798507144","https://openalex.org/W2964481303","https://openalex.org/W1751413323","https://openalex.org/W1970141429","https://openalex.org/W2571704763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,5,13,34,65,128,188,197],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"systems":[8],"has":[9],"introduced":[10],"complex":[11],"networks":[12],"interconnected":[14],"devices,":[15,55],"computational":[16],"resources,":[17],"and":[18,46,59,99,103,117,238,243],"web-based":[19],"communication":[20,75,223],"infrastructure.":[21],"Privacy":[22,87],"protection":[23],"in":[24,105,144,170],"IoT":[25,50,106,114,235],"data":[26,101,118],"routing":[27,67,150,189],"is":[28],"critical":[29],"to":[30,130,166,182,248],"enabling":[31],"secure":[32,92,98,162],"deployment":[33],"large":[35],"language":[36],"models":[37],"(LLMs)":[38],"for":[39,205],"processing":[40],"distributed":[41],"sensor":[42],"data,":[43],"user":[44],"queries,":[45],"device-generated":[47],"content.":[48],"However,":[49],"environments":[51],"inherently":[52],"involve":[53],"heterogeneous":[54],"dynamic":[56],"network":[57,120,207,236],"topologies,":[58],"resource-constrained":[60],"nodes,":[61,218],"complicating":[62],"the":[63,125,139,171,203],"design":[64],"privacy-preserving":[66],"mechanisms":[68],"that":[69,175,232],"simultaneously":[70],"ensure":[71],"reliability":[72],"across":[73,178],"diverse":[74],"layers.":[76],"To":[77],"address":[78],"these":[79],"challenges,":[80],"we":[81,159],"propose":[82],"an":[83],"innovative":[84],"FtPR":[85,108,147,233],"(Fault-tolerant":[86],"Routing)":[88],"model":[89],"based":[90],"on":[91,156],"multiparty":[93,163],"computing":[94,164],"mechanism,":[95],"which":[96],"enables":[97],"efficient":[100],"fusion":[102],"transmission":[104],"networks.":[107],"establishes":[109],"a":[110,161],"novel":[111],"connection":[112],"between":[113,142],"device":[115],"clusters":[116],"center":[119],"architecture":[121,127],"AQDNn":[122,129],"routers,":[123],"leveraging":[124],"hierarchical":[126],"construct":[131],"completely":[132],"independent":[133],"spanning":[134],"trees":[135],"(CIST).":[136],"By":[137],"exploiting":[138],"non-overlapping":[140],"paths":[141],"nodes":[143],"distinct":[145],"CISTs,":[146],"achieves":[148],"fault-tolerant":[149],"while":[151],"maintaining":[152],"privacy":[153],"guarantees.":[154],"Building":[155],"this":[157],"framework,":[158],"introduce":[160],"mechanism":[165],"perturb":[167],"link":[168,176,200],"weights":[169,177],"AQDNn.":[172],"This":[173],"ensures":[174],"different":[179],"CISTs":[180],"adhere":[181],"constrained":[183],"ranges,":[184],"preventing":[185],"adversarial":[186],"inference":[187],"paths.":[190],"Each":[191],"node":[192],"operates":[193],"with":[194],"localized":[195],"knowledge":[196],"its":[198],"connected":[199],"weights,":[201],"eliminating":[202],"need":[204],"global":[206],"visibility.":[208],"Consequently,":[209],"even":[210],"if":[211],"malicious":[212],"actors":[213],"compromise":[214],"one":[215],"or":[216],"multiple":[217],"they":[219],"cannot":[220],"reconstruct":[221],"end-to-end":[222],"paths,":[224],"thereby":[225],"preserving":[226],"route":[227],"anonymity.":[228],"Experimental":[229],"results":[230],"demonstrate":[231],"improves":[234],"performance":[237],"security,":[239],"reducing":[240],"misclassification":[241],"rates":[242],"marginal":[244],"release":[245],"score":[246],"compared":[247],"state-of-the-art":[249],"methods.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}