{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409761106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3563987","title":"Toward Efficient Network Traffic Classifications via Multimodal Learning","display_name":"Toward Efficient Network Traffic Classifications via Multimodal Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409761106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3563987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3563987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3563987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071487079","display_name":"Liyuan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-1450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liyuan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000734023","display_name":"Bin Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8839-243X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071487079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4849,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89206774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"24","first_page":"51812","last_page":"51820"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8309984803199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5657254457473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4770473837852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4533523619174957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3236677050590515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8309984803199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5657254457473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4770473837852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4533523619174957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3236677050590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3563987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3563987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65242977","https://openalex.org/W2000618265","https://openalex.org/W2087529094","https://openalex.org/W2107867209","https://openalex.org/W2142889610","https://openalex.org/W2497545232","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2752006512","https://openalex.org/W2760355118","https://openalex.org/W2765739766","https://openalex.org/W2797742547","https://openalex.org/W2799758613","https://openalex.org/W2892009249","https://openalex.org/W2959716986","https://openalex.org/W2963197901","https://openalex.org/W2963542740","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964051877","https://openalex.org/W2981851019","https://openalex.org/W2990268365","https://openalex.org/W3005641848","https://openalex.org/W3013100408","https://openalex.org/W3043781647","https://openalex.org/W3115360974","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3205985117","https://openalex.org/W3206674745","https://openalex.org/W4312994655","https://openalex.org/W4322493038","https://openalex.org/W4382281941","https://openalex.org/W4387889342","https://openalex.org/W4402716047","https://openalex.org/W4411337269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,77],"revolutionized":[1],"various":[2],"real-time":[3],"and":[4,35,108,133,153,157,167,187],"cyber-physical":[5],"applications,":[6],"today\u2019s":[7,82],"networked":[8,66,83,197],"systems":[9,67],"face":[10],"more":[11,78,85],"threats":[12],"of":[13,65,147,174,196],"cyberattacks":[14,37],"due":[15],"to":[16,26,33,42,56,91,112,165,192],"their":[17],"expansive":[18],"networking":[19],"attack":[20,79],"surface.":[21],"One":[22],"promising":[23],"trend":[24],"is":[25,120,124],"deploy":[27],"deep":[28],"learning":[29,103,177],"network":[30,40,58,122,162,189],"(DNN)":[31],"models":[32,55,71,88,152,155],"classify":[34,57,166],"identify":[36,43,168],"at":[38,75],"the":[39,62,93,114,194],"layer":[41],"either":[44],"malicious":[45],"traffic":[46,49,59,110,123,163,190],"or":[47],"anomaly":[48],"as":[50],"alerts.":[51],"However,":[52],"deploying":[53],"DNN":[54,70,87],"will":[60],"compromise":[61],"efficiency":[63],"requirements":[64],"since":[68],"high-performance":[69],"are":[72,89],"usually":[73],"complex":[74,86],"inference.":[76],"surfaces":[80],"in":[81],"system,":[84],"required":[90],"fulfill":[92],"feature":[94,142],"extraction.":[95],"In":[96],"this":[97],"paper,":[98],"we":[99,144],"propose":[100],"a":[101],"multi-model":[102,125],"approach":[104,182],"for":[105],"both":[106],"accurate":[107,186],"efficient":[109,188],"classification":[111,191],"address":[113],"above":[115],"challenge.":[116],"Our":[117],"key":[118],"insight":[119],"that":[121,180],"data":[126,129,135,149,164],"including":[127],"structured":[128],"(e.g.,":[130,136],"protocol":[131],"text)":[132],"non-structured":[134],"packets).":[137],"By":[138],"designing":[139],"different":[140],"lightweight":[141],"extractors,":[143],"extract":[145],"features":[146,159],"multi-modal":[148],"via":[150],"language":[151],"linear":[154],"respectively,":[156],"fuse":[158],"from":[160],"heterogeneous":[161],"typical":[169],"cyberattacks.":[170],"Experimenting":[171],"with":[172],"showcases":[173],"adopting":[175],"classic":[176],"methods":[178],"indicates":[179],"our":[181],"can":[183],"achieve":[184],"an":[185],"ensure":[193],"security":[195],"systems.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
