{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409683106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3563204","title":"A Multitarget Backdoor Attack Against Automatic Modulation Recognition for IoT Wireless Signals","display_name":"A Multitarget Backdoor Attack Against Automatic Modulation Recognition for IoT Wireless Signals","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409683106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3563204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3563204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3563204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100874337","display_name":"Gan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9955-1965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5818-7038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015587170","display_name":"Hongjun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-0103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-0103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100611719","display_name":"Xinhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3934-1876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062494507","display_name":"Zhiquan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-2177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiquan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-2177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041881347","display_name":"Hao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6757-4231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6757-4231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029002143","display_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100874337"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95449704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"14","first_page":"27588","last_page":"27605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.942799985408783,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9223999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8181167840957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.7920352816581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6145281791687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5115776658058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5051496624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.42998582124710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3348124027252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21090325713157654}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8181167840957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.7920352816581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6145281791687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5115776658058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5051496624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.42998582124710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3348124027252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21090325713157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3563204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3563204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3348246166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7701723719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2560119283","https://openalex.org/W2614873718","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2794008838","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2934843808","https://openalex.org/W2942091739","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2995240473","https://openalex.org/W3009587218","https://openalex.org/W3042368254","https://openalex.org/W3128663834","https://openalex.org/W3175215793","https://openalex.org/W4223940398","https://openalex.org/W4226052555","https://openalex.org/W4286255690","https://openalex.org/W4312700692","https://openalex.org/W4315750666","https://openalex.org/W4321483861","https://openalex.org/W4324290967","https://openalex.org/W4362653282","https://openalex.org/W4365807860","https://openalex.org/W4366147513","https://openalex.org/W4386446911","https://openalex.org/W4387145975","https://openalex.org/W4387934885","https://openalex.org/W4390096899","https://openalex.org/W4390905614","https://openalex.org/W4391454495","https://openalex.org/W4391547481","https://openalex.org/W4391697137","https://openalex.org/W4391924554","https://openalex.org/W4391953359","https://openalex.org/W4392449923","https://openalex.org/W4392523536","https://openalex.org/W4392943843","https://openalex.org/W4394773561","https://openalex.org/W4394862750","https://openalex.org/W4400188403","https://openalex.org/W4400944692","https://openalex.org/W4401508292","https://openalex.org/W4401990304","https://openalex.org/W4402450483","https://openalex.org/W4402462755","https://openalex.org/W4402731658","https://openalex.org/W4405632456","https://openalex.org/W6746897123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4309417370","https://openalex.org/W4292107232","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4386080799","https://openalex.org/W3140988292","https://openalex.org/W4317672133","https://openalex.org/W4386185023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning-based":[1],"automatic":[2],"modulation":[3,59,105,144],"recognition":[4],"(AMR)":[5],"is":[6,150],"essential":[7],"for":[8,15,134,164,168],"enabling":[9],"access":[10],"authorization":[11],"and":[12,18,32,160],"spectrum":[13],"management":[14],"interconnected":[16],"devices":[17],"sensors":[19],"in":[20,71],"Internet":[21],"of":[22,30,35,65,99],"Things":[23],"(IoT)":[24],"systems.":[25,170],"However,":[26],"the":[27,33,62,66,109,117,138,143,148],"open":[28],"collection":[29],"data":[31],"use":[34,70],"third-party":[36],"training":[37],"resources":[38],"may":[39],"introduce":[40],"security":[41,156],"vulnerabilities,":[42],"especially":[43],"backdoor":[44,85],"attacks.":[45],"Current":[46],"research":[47],"allows":[48],"attackers":[49],"to":[50,95,136,158],"mislead":[51],"receivers":[52],"into":[53,102,141],"misclassifying":[54],"signals":[55,101],"as":[56],"a":[57,80,92],"specific":[58],"type,":[60],"but":[61],"fixed":[63],"position":[64],"trigger":[67,93,111,149],"restricts":[68],"its":[69],"complex":[72],"wireless":[73],"networks.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"work,":[77],"we":[78],"propose":[79],"novel":[81],"spatially":[82],"distributed":[83],"multi-target":[84],"attack":[86],"(SMBA)":[87],"method.":[88],"This":[89,152],"method":[90],"utilizes":[91],"pattern":[94],"manipulate":[96],"all":[97],"types":[98,106,127],"input":[100,118],"multiple":[103,125],"target":[104,126,139],"by":[107,129],"embedding":[108],"stealthy":[110],"at":[112],"different":[113],"spatial":[114],"locations":[115],"within":[116],"signals.":[119],"SMBA":[120],"disseminates":[121],"malicious":[122],"samples":[123],"across":[124],"specified":[128],"attackers,":[130],"making":[131],"it":[132],"difficult":[133],"defenders":[135],"predict":[137],"type":[140],"which":[142],"signal":[145],"embedded":[146],"with":[147],"classified.":[151],"work":[153],"reveals":[154],"new":[155],"threats":[157],"AMR":[159],"provides":[161],"important":[162],"insights":[163],"developing":[165],"defense":[166],"technologies":[167],"IoT":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-20T08:49:12.498775","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}