{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409310864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3559063","title":"Mixture of Gradient: A Unified Enhancing Approach for Deep-Learning-Based Wireless Network Optimization","display_name":"Mixture of Gradient: A Unified Enhancing Approach for Deep-Learning-Based Wireless Network Optimization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409310864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3559063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3559063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3559063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050651525","display_name":"Nan Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-2071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799850029","display_name":"Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01m8p7q42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-2071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003494299","display_name":"Longfei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9536-8320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longfei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9536-8320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042879104","display_name":"Yanpeng Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-9849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanpeng Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-9849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036982027","display_name":"Xiucheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1439-4875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiucheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1439-4875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101693651","display_name":"Qihao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2602-142X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qihao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2602-142X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036159136","display_name":"Wei Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7454-0905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7454-0905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068810492","display_name":"Hui Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6632-0929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799850029","display_name":"Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01m8p7q42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6632-0929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100773343","display_name":"Xuemin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73818734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"13","first_page":"25487","last_page":"25499"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7817844152450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.5226002335548401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4729195237159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38471686840057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3811831474304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21711716055870056}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7817844152450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.5226002335548401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4729195237159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38471686840057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3811831474304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21711716055870056}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3559063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3559063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G911031705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2901900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2094000142","https://openalex.org/W2126351339","https://openalex.org/W2616867685","https://openalex.org/W2745254363","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2886485362","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W2969195240","https://openalex.org/W2969519626","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2992716901","https://openalex.org/W3000943722","https://openalex.org/W3006541201","https://openalex.org/W3033989372","https://openalex.org/W3042900318","https://openalex.org/W3132669100","https://openalex.org/W3133735442","https://openalex.org/W3207745675","https://openalex.org/W4221150253","https://openalex.org/W4236362309","https://openalex.org/W4295789409","https://openalex.org/W4296437734","https://openalex.org/W4389544789","https://openalex.org/W4390187147","https://openalex.org/W4390603888","https://openalex.org/W4404627796","https://openalex.org/W4405179888","https://openalex.org/W6683204974","https://openalex.org/W6684205842","https://openalex.org/W6691815588","https://openalex.org/W6796589144","https://openalex.org/W6922480057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,20,23,31,126],"plays":[2],"increasingly":[3],"important":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,67],"future":[7],"wireless":[8,146,158],"network":[9],"management":[10],"and":[11,21],"optimization.":[12],"Existing":[13],"training":[14,38,65],"methods":[15,39],"such":[16],"as":[17],"label-based":[18,104],"supervised":[19,30,105],"label-free":[22,37,111,117],"have":[24],"inherent":[25],"limitations.":[26],"The":[27,116],"performance":[28,73,167],"of":[29,53,74,145,168],"is":[32,80,107],"limited":[33],"by":[34],"labels,":[35],"while":[36],"require":[40],"extensive":[41],"exploration.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"these":[45],"limitations,":[46],"this":[47],"paper":[48],"proposes":[49],"a":[50,81,110,142],"novel":[51],"mixture":[52],"gradients":[54,59],"(MoG)":[55],"method,":[56],"which":[57],"integrates":[58],"from":[60],"different":[61],"sources":[62],"within":[63],"the":[64,71,99,103,166],"process":[66],"order":[68],"to":[69,89,98,141,172],"improve":[70],"convergence":[72],"neural":[75],"networks":[76],"(NNs).":[77],"Particularly,":[78],"MoG":[79,162],"modular,":[82],"plug-and-play":[83],"solution":[84],"requiring":[85],"no":[86],"structural":[87],"modifications":[88,97],"existing":[90],"NNs.":[91],"Its":[92],"implementation":[93,151],"necessitates":[94],"only":[95],"minor":[96],"loss":[100,106,112,118,123],"function,":[101],"where":[102],"combined":[108],"with":[109,149],"through":[113],"weighted":[114],"summation.":[115],"can":[119,163],"be":[120],"either":[121],"unsupervised":[122],"or":[124],"reinforcement":[125],"loss.":[127],"This":[128],"flexibility":[129],"allows":[130],"seamless":[131],"integration":[132],"into":[133],"nearly":[134],"all":[135],"NN-based":[136],"methods,":[137],"making":[138],"it":[139],"applicable":[140],"wide":[143],"range":[144],"optimization":[147],"problems":[148],"minimal":[150],"cost.":[152],"Extensive":[153],"simulations":[154],"across":[155],"multiple":[156],"classic":[157],"scenarios":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"that":[161],"significantly":[164],"enhance":[165],"NN":[169],"decision-making,":[170],"leading":[171],"higher":[173],"transmission":[174],"rates.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}