{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408858378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3553917","title":"Adapting Large Language Models for Smart Contract Defects Detection in the Open Network Blockchain","display_name":"Adapting Large Language Models for Smart Contract Defects Detection in the Open Network Blockchain","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408858378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3553917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3553917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3553917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016399027","display_name":"Huilin Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-5668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huilin Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-5668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ze Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7481-7687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ze Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7481-7687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056522618","display_name":"Runbang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runbang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111277843","display_name":"Zhiwen Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwen Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064316822","display_name":"Jie Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-5928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443178","display_name":"Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071050711","display_name":"Hongzi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-5064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-5064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7179,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93835233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"11","first_page":"18443","last_page":"18446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9114859104156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.8122073411941528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7722426056861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4431934952735901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43946048617362976}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9114859104156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.8122073411941528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7722426056861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4431934952735901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43946048617362976}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3553917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3553917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6970643536","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2022783","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","funder_display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7066082389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2022783","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329865","funder_display_name":"Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7788733326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62476113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329865","display_name":"Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W3091620507","https://openalex.org/W3192053793","https://openalex.org/W4200405828","https://openalex.org/W4226455783","https://openalex.org/W4308410075","https://openalex.org/W4366608288","https://openalex.org/W4388858789","https://openalex.org/W4391609647","https://openalex.org/W4392309153","https://openalex.org/W4396813434","https://openalex.org/W6881046808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4406264591","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949","https://openalex.org/W4285166115","https://openalex.org/W3195083849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1,102,176],"on":[2,98],"the":[3,25,108,164],"open":[4],"network":[5],"(TON)":[6],"have":[7],"become":[8],"vital":[9],"in":[10,104,177],"Internet":[11],"of":[12,29,78,116,130,150,158,169],"Things":[13],"(IoT)":[14],"applications":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,38],"their":[18],"low":[19],"latency":[20],"and":[21,68,92,106,134,152,167],"high":[22],"scalability.":[23],"However,":[24],"unique":[26],"architectural":[27],"features":[28],"TON":[30],"introduce":[31],"specialized":[32],"vulnerabilities":[33],"that":[34,51],"existing":[35],"tools":[36],"fail":[37],"address":[39],"comprehensively.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"letter,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"a":[46,62,154],"novel":[47],"defect":[48,59,118],"detection":[49,124],"framework":[50,109,171],"combines":[52],"large":[53],"language":[54],"models":[55],"(LLMs)":[56],"for":[57,66,132,136,172],"automated":[58],"discovery":[60],"with":[61,113],"locatable":[63],"call":[64],"graph":[65],"precise":[67],"efficient":[69],"code":[70,121],"analysis.":[71],"Our":[72],"method":[73],"identifies":[74],"four":[75],"new":[76],"types":[77],"TON-specific":[79],"defects:":[80],"1)":[81],"Ignore":[82],"Errors":[83],"Mode":[84],"Usage;":[85],"2)":[86],"Premature":[87],"Acceptance;":[88],"3)":[89],"Pseudo":[90],"Deletion;":[91],"4)":[93],"Improper":[94],"Jetton":[95],"Refund.":[96],"Evaluated":[97],"1640":[99],"real-world":[100],"smart":[101,175],"written":[103],"FunC":[105,133],"Tact,":[107],"uncovers":[110],"669":[111],"defects,":[112],"an":[114,126],"average":[115,127],"one":[117],"every":[119],"2.45":[120],"segments.":[122],"The":[123],"achieves":[125],"F1":[128],"score":[129],"99.75%":[131],"100%":[135],"Tact":[137],"contracts.":[138],"Additionally,":[139],"our":[140,170],"approach":[141],"demonstrates":[142],"lightweight":[143],"computational":[144],"overhead,":[145],"consuming":[146],"only":[147],"12.6":[148],"MB":[149],"memory":[151],"achieving":[153],"mean":[155],"response":[156],"time":[157],"0.05":[159],"s.":[160],"These":[161],"results":[162],"highlight":[163],"accuracy,":[165],"efficiency,":[166],"practicality":[168],"securing":[173],"TON-based":[174],"IoT":[178],"ecosystems.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}