{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408126025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3547575","title":"ETFIDS: An Entropy-Driven, Time-Frequency Analysis Framework for In-Vehicle CAN Signal Intrusion Detection","display_name":"ETFIDS: An Entropy-Driven, Time-Frequency Analysis Framework for In-Vehicle CAN Signal Intrusion Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408126025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3547575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3547575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3547575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101504966","display_name":"Wanning Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-8568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanning Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017938531","display_name":"Guihe Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guihe Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-4324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058134073","display_name":"Yanhua Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-9341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhua Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-9341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113347181","display_name":"Jiaru Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4902-605X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaru Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101857169","display_name":"Qingxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-3869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036412181","display_name":"Xue Zhi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4843-5729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8506,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84532842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"21507","last_page":"21522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7090667486190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6279474496841431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5563200116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.547539234161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.42199721932411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3261985182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2594454884529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1995866596698761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.0829443633556366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07809245586395264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7090667486190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6279474496841431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5563200116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.547539234161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.42199721932411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3261985182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2594454884529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1995866596698761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0829443633556366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07809245586395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3547575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3547575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1972351357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20210101166JC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335953","funder_display_name":"Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335953","display_name":"Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163451270","https://openalex.org/W1982359930","https://openalex.org/W2041782669","https://openalex.org/W2074412592","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2133854595","https://openalex.org/W2154136024","https://openalex.org/W2592742990","https://openalex.org/W2752558064","https://openalex.org/W2790772609","https://openalex.org/W2891789701","https://openalex.org/W2932010921","https://openalex.org/W2978725006","https://openalex.org/W2991327750","https://openalex.org/W3040655055","https://openalex.org/W3091724539","https://openalex.org/W3164321464","https://openalex.org/W3173768166","https://openalex.org/W3217196210","https://openalex.org/W4285125724","https://openalex.org/W4285145763","https://openalex.org/W4293731341","https://openalex.org/W4319319280","https://openalex.org/W4322625299","https://openalex.org/W4327814207","https://openalex.org/W4379033864","https://openalex.org/W4385656664","https://openalex.org/W4387918052","https://openalex.org/W4394858278","https://openalex.org/W4394994619","https://openalex.org/W4401070341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W4254602698","https://openalex.org/W2394461323","https://openalex.org/W2349441905","https://openalex.org/W2361044160","https://openalex.org/W3120792425","https://openalex.org/W2905220255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"cyberattacks":[3],"against":[4],"automobiles":[5],"have":[6],"exposed":[7],"significant":[8],"security":[9],"threats":[10],"to":[11,19,26],"in-vehicle":[12,35,84,185],"networks.":[13,186],"The":[14,33,88,101,118],"vulnerability":[15],"of":[16,47,73],"communication":[17],"signals":[18],"malicious":[20],"interference":[21],"and":[22,62,97,127,137,144,149,168],"manipulation":[23],"can":[24],"lead":[25],"serious":[27],"system":[28],"failures":[29],"or":[30],"abnormal":[31],"behavior.":[32],"existing":[34],"network":[36,50,85],"intrusion":[37,86,180],"detection":[38,167,181],"methods":[39],"do":[40],"not":[41],"fully":[42],"exploit":[43],"the":[44,67,71,105,131,156],"time-frequency":[45,80],"characteristics":[46],"controller":[48],"area":[49],"(CAN)":[51],"signals.":[52],"This":[53],"limitation":[54],"reduces":[55],"their":[56],"effectiveness":[57],"in":[58],"capturing":[59],"subtle":[60],"changes":[61,136],"signal":[63,74,92,102,112,142,175],"complexity.":[64],"Based":[65],"on":[66],"above":[68],"motivation,":[69],"from":[70,115],"perspective":[72],"perception,":[75],"we":[76],"propose":[77],"an":[78],"entropy-driven,":[79],"analysis":[81],"framework":[82,89],"for":[83,183],"detection.":[87,151],"integrates":[90],"a":[91,94,98,178],"sampler,":[93,103],"frequency-domain":[95,119],"detector,":[96],"time-domain":[99,132],"detector.":[100],"as":[104],"system\u2019s":[106],"front-end":[107],"module,":[108],"extracts":[109],"real-time":[110,169],"physical":[111],"data":[113],"streams":[114],"CAN":[116],"messages.":[117],"detector":[120,133],"identifies":[121],"frequency":[122],"components,":[123],"detecting":[124],"high-frequency":[125],"disturbances":[126],"cyclic":[128],"variations.":[129],"Meanwhile,":[130],"captures":[134],"instantaneous":[135],"sudden":[138],"anomalies.":[139],"It":[140,171],"analyzes":[141],"complexity":[143],"anomalies":[145],"through":[146],"both":[147],"stream":[148],"block":[150],"Experimental":[152],"results":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"that":[155],"proposed":[157],"method":[158],"performs":[159],"well":[160],"under":[161],"various":[162],"attack":[163],"scenarios,":[164],"offering":[165],"superior":[166],"performance.":[170],"effectively":[172],"senses":[173],"multiple":[174],"anomalies,":[176],"providing":[177],"robust":[179],"solution":[182],"modern":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
