{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408017203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3546679","title":"Similarity and Diversity: PCA-Based Contribution Evaluation in Federated Learning","display_name":"Similarity and Diversity: PCA-Based Contribution Evaluation in Federated Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408017203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3546679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3546679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3546679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100772096","display_name":"Zhiheng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and CFAIR, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8239-0024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and CFAIR, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I34949971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025891034","display_name":"Hongtao Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5451-693X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and CFAIR, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5451-693X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and CFAIR, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I34949971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075201840","display_name":"Xiangyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1092-2864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["WeChat AI, Tencent, Beijing, China","Tencent, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1092-2864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WeChat AI, Tencent, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055857919","display_name":"Chenhao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3243-8512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenhao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3243-8512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059190563","display_name":"Fan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0965-9058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0965-9058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349557","display_name":"Lei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and CFAIR, and the Shandong Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong University; and Shandong Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and CFAIR, and the Shandong Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University; and Shandong Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101414718","display_name":"Lizhen Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8262-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhen Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and CFAIR, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8262-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and CFAIR, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I34949971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100772096"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I34949971"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87321179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"20393","last_page":"20405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8281999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8281999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.7250999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8126351237297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.591706395149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5184549689292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.5110822916030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3938411772251129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3742091953754425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8126351237297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.591706395149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5184549689292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5110822916030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3938411772251129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3742091953754425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3546679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3546679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3439365923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62302267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4822790560","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. ZR2023QF083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6299670136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62025204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326189","display_name":"Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972882814","https://openalex.org/W2990595670","https://openalex.org/W3080934299","https://openalex.org/W3087391814","https://openalex.org/W3090831419","https://openalex.org/W3091635927","https://openalex.org/W3107078643","https://openalex.org/W3108051446","https://openalex.org/W3109000088","https://openalex.org/W3120176213","https://openalex.org/W3156681210","https://openalex.org/W3173677040","https://openalex.org/W3182125009","https://openalex.org/W3198837878","https://openalex.org/W3201030831","https://openalex.org/W3204086931","https://openalex.org/W4205507294","https://openalex.org/W4220935909","https://openalex.org/W4224227775","https://openalex.org/W4226249052","https://openalex.org/W4282939141","https://openalex.org/W4284967031","https://openalex.org/W4285264842","https://openalex.org/W4286974632","https://openalex.org/W4320005499","https://openalex.org/W4367046847","https://openalex.org/W4382317695","https://openalex.org/W4382318701","https://openalex.org/W4385255201","https://openalex.org/W4387623967","https://openalex.org/W4387873221","https://openalex.org/W4393210605","https://openalex.org/W4399708109","https://openalex.org/W4402631819","https://openalex.org/W4402727914","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6752600739","https://openalex.org/W6754708698","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6765541894","https://openalex.org/W6773366154","https://openalex.org/W6776469819","https://openalex.org/W6779797550","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6790104916","https://openalex.org/W6803916740","https://openalex.org/W6803954351","https://openalex.org/W6810915056","https://openalex.org/W6866773513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,117],"rapidly":[5],"evolving":[6],"paradigm":[7],"that":[8],"facilitates":[9],"distributed":[10,20],"training":[11],"of":[12,40,57,86,111,120,143,166],"large-scale":[13],"deep":[14],"neural":[15],"networks":[16],"(DNNs).":[17],"However,":[18],"the":[19,23,37,69,83,99,109,141,164,178],"nature":[21],"exposes":[22],"system":[24],"to":[25,67,139],"threats":[26],"from":[27,82],"potentially":[28],"malicious":[29,58,149,171],"or":[30,59,150,172],"low-quality":[31,60,151,173],"participants,":[32],"which":[33],"can":[34],"significantly":[35],"degrade":[36],"overall":[38],"performance":[39,180],"FL.":[41,182],"Existing":[42],"contribution":[43],"evaluation":[44],"approaches":[45],"in":[46,169,181],"previous":[47],"FL":[48],"studies":[49],"are":[50,134],"vulnerable":[51],"when":[52],"there":[53],"exist":[54],"complicated":[55],"types":[56],"clients.":[61,105],"In":[62],"this":[63],"article,":[64],"we":[65,96,107],"propose":[66],"assess":[68],"clients\u2019":[70],"contributions":[71],"by":[72],"treating":[73],"their":[74],"model":[75,87,179],"parameters":[76,88],"as":[77],"data.":[78,160],"By":[79],"extracting":[80],"information":[81],"statistical":[84],"properties":[85],"using":[89],"principal":[90],"component":[91],"analysis-based":[92],"data":[93],"mining":[94],"techniques,":[95],"quantitatively":[97],"estimate":[98],"similarity":[100],"and":[101,115,156,175],"diversity":[102],"between":[103],"different":[104],"Furthermore,":[106],"analyze":[108],"convergence":[110,118],"our":[112,144,167],"proposed":[113,145],"method":[114,146],"establish":[116],"rate":[119],"<inline-formula":[121],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[122],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[123],"<tex-math":[124],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathcal":[125],"{O}({1}/{T})$":[126],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[127],"with":[128,158],"commonly":[129],"accepted":[130],"assumptions.":[131],"Extensive":[132],"experiments":[133],"conducted":[135],"on":[136],"public":[137],"datasets":[138],"evaluate":[140],"effectiveness":[142],"against":[147],"typical":[148],"clients:":[152],"sybil-based":[153],"backdoor":[154],"attackers":[155],"clients":[157,174],"redundant":[159],"Experimental":[161],"results":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"superiority":[165],"approach":[168],"excluding":[170],"thereby":[176],"enhancing":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
