{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406415887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3529507","title":"Formal Analyzing, Attacking, and Patching of Bluetooth Pairing Protocols","display_name":"Formal Analyzing, Attacking, and Patching of Bluetooth Pairing Protocols","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406415887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3529507"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3529507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3529507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072876321","display_name":"Min Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9922-2153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9922-2153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394917","display_name":"Jing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7212-5297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7212-5297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004999865","display_name":"Kun He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-419X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-419X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haoran Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3019-7185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoran Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3019-7185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073539263","display_name":"Meng Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-3490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-3490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100529319","display_name":"Ruiying Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3634-3385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiying Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3634-3385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71901675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"7","first_page":"7955","last_page":"7968"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8563408851623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.79491126537323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairing","display_name":"Pairing","score":0.6896377801895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5378820896148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.44406771659851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4022153317928314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3902609348297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2887183129787445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1849743127822876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8563408851623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.79491126537323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14103023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681459","display_name":"Pairing","level":3,"score":0.6896377801895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5378820896148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.44406771659851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4022153317928314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3902609348297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2887183129787445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1849743127822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54101563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124131","display_name":"Superconductivity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3529507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3529507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2780597473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2042022kf0046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5215447159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2700200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7322606774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2042022kf1195","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G782110378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7960939272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G801100328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022CXPT055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","funder_display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330303","display_name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Corrosion Science","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146244851","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2145415641","https://openalex.org/W2507474852","https://openalex.org/W2513374167","https://openalex.org/W2765700031","https://openalex.org/W2794691483","https://openalex.org/W2809727329","https://openalex.org/W2946869648","https://openalex.org/W2954594758","https://openalex.org/W2988869405","https://openalex.org/W3015314850","https://openalex.org/W3038161846","https://openalex.org/W3129371464","https://openalex.org/W3139236327","https://openalex.org/W3153757948","https://openalex.org/W3198841819","https://openalex.org/W4288057724","https://openalex.org/W4324007009","https://openalex.org/W6628808139","https://openalex.org/W6632997174","https://openalex.org/W6646692295","https://openalex.org/W6679087990","https://openalex.org/W6761413925","https://openalex.org/W6765689216","https://openalex.org/W6782023611","https://openalex.org/W6782280799","https://openalex.org/W6796433870","https://openalex.org/W6804280626","https://openalex.org/W6861129632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3015473028","https://openalex.org/W3201176751","https://openalex.org/W1993094293","https://openalex.org/W2029180842","https://openalex.org/W2024971119","https://openalex.org/W4220926637","https://openalex.org/W2057898405","https://openalex.org/W2953807518","https://openalex.org/W2258335979","https://openalex.org/W2890366349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bluetooth":[0,8,19,23,28],"pairing":[1,34,46,55,86,92,174],"is":[2],"a":[3,12,131,151,162],"protocol":[4],"that":[5,154],"authenticates":[6],"two":[7,54,96,146],"devices":[9],"and":[10,27,31,43,84,98,149,172,176,190],"derives":[11],"shared":[13],"secret":[14],"key":[15,133],"between":[16,112],"them.":[17,71],"The":[18,88],"standard":[20],"consists":[21],"of":[22,82,94],"low":[24],"energy":[25],"(BLE)":[26],"classic":[29],"(BC)":[30],"the":[32,77,95,103,110,120,166,170,178,188,191],"latest":[33],"protocols":[35,56,97,175],"in":[36,70,102,124,169,196],"them":[37],"are":[38],"BLE":[39],"secure":[40,44,48],"connections":[41,49],"(BLE-SCs)":[42],"simple":[45],"with":[47],"(SSP-SCs),":[50],"respectively.":[51],"Although":[52],"these":[53],"employ":[57],"well-studied":[58],"cryptographic":[59],"primitives":[60],"to":[61,105,135,164,186],"guarantee":[62],"their":[63],"security,":[64],"recent":[65],"studies":[66],"disclosed":[67],"logic":[68],"flaws":[69,167],"In":[72],"this":[73],"article,":[74],"we":[75,155,182],"develop":[76],"first":[78],"comprehensive":[79],"formal":[80],"models":[81,89,101,185],"BLE-SC":[83,171],"SSP-SC":[85,173],"protocols.":[87],"cover":[90],"all":[91,99],"phases":[93],"association":[100,114],"specification":[104],"discover":[106],"attacks":[107,137,148],"caused":[108,138],"by":[109,129,139],"interplay":[111],"different":[113],"models.":[115,199],"We":[116,160],"also":[117],"partly":[118],"loosen":[119],"perfect":[121],"cryptography":[122],"assumption":[123],"traditional":[125],"symbolic":[126],"analysis":[127,144],"approaches":[128],"designing":[130],"low-entropy":[132],"oracle":[134],"detect":[136],"poorly":[140],"derived":[141],"keys.":[142],"Our":[143],"confirms":[145],"existing":[147],"discloses":[150],"new":[152],"attack":[153],"implemented":[156],"on":[157],"real-world":[158],"devices.":[159],"propose":[161],"countermeasure":[163],"fix":[165],"found":[168],"discuss":[177],"backward":[179],"compatibility.":[180],"Moreover,":[181],"extend":[183],"our":[184,197],"verify":[187],"countermeasure,":[189],"results":[192],"demonstrate":[193],"its":[194],"effectiveness":[195],"extended":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
