{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406137644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3526607","title":"Cortex: Enhancing Resource Utilization in Edge Clusters Through Efficient Co-Location of LC and BE Workloads","display_name":"Cortex: Enhancing Resource Utilization in Edge Clusters Through Efficient Co-Location of LC and BE Workloads","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406137644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3526607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3526607","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3526607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073404574","display_name":"Tianyang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1520-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1520-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101664267","display_name":"Pengfei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-4052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-4052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418247","display_name":"Quan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6913-8604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6913-8604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shuyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6058-148X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6058-148X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423987","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4001-1161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4001-1161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008496827","display_name":"Wenkai Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2276-053X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenkai Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent AI Platform Department, Tencent AI Lab, Shenzhen, China","Tencent AI Lab, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent AI Platform Department, Tencent AI Lab, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent AI Lab, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0753,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93022674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"10","first_page":"14733","last_page":"14751"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8288475275039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6097663044929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5876586437225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5537371635437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5428346395492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5369322896003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5286824107170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5100887417793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.49145352840423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4730331599712372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4424040615558624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.36602234840393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.21708378195762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1370600461959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07589337229728699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8288475275039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6097663044929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5876586437225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5537371635437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5428346395492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5369322896003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5286824107170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5100887417793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.49145352840423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4730331599712372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4424040615558624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36602234840393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.21708378195762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1370600461959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07589337229728699}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3526607","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3526607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G130812319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024GX-ZDCYL-02-15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334010","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4967342268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024GX-ZDCYL-02-15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334010","display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1547327592","https://openalex.org/W1988184485","https://openalex.org/W2002399429","https://openalex.org/W2103981209","https://openalex.org/W2140094873","https://openalex.org/W2156077332","https://openalex.org/W2758353532","https://openalex.org/W2771316858","https://openalex.org/W2900947057","https://openalex.org/W2926143647","https://openalex.org/W2950683227","https://openalex.org/W2953169926","https://openalex.org/W2972120329","https://openalex.org/W3017091196","https://openalex.org/W3021027963","https://openalex.org/W3033783962","https://openalex.org/W3099837301","https://openalex.org/W3107242135","https://openalex.org/W3114800264","https://openalex.org/W3118155803","https://openalex.org/W3126861500","https://openalex.org/W3131967407","https://openalex.org/W3172646970","https://openalex.org/W3174783634","https://openalex.org/W3213200620","https://openalex.org/W4211041246","https://openalex.org/W4213029519","https://openalex.org/W4213108923","https://openalex.org/W4213418679","https://openalex.org/W4236491543","https://openalex.org/W4293731856","https://openalex.org/W4312432406","https://openalex.org/W4312957922","https://openalex.org/W4315646984","https://openalex.org/W4317794990","https://openalex.org/W4318148761","https://openalex.org/W4323557467","https://openalex.org/W4367665438","https://openalex.org/W4382402483","https://openalex.org/W4386275616","https://openalex.org/W4386718952","https://openalex.org/W4386914101","https://openalex.org/W4387042170","https://openalex.org/W4388040958","https://openalex.org/W4388796489","https://openalex.org/W4390712964","https://openalex.org/W4391242253","https://openalex.org/W6798233912","https://openalex.org/W6843821762"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W4313463218","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3214037210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"edge":[1,41,54,90,109,182],"computing":[2,42,55],"environments,":[3,69],"the":[4,37,51,82,119,133,160,168,196,204],"co-location":[5,25,58,106,120],"of":[6,40,53,145,163,171,206],"latency-critical":[7],"(LC)":[8],"services":[9],"and":[10,31,43,85,97,131,142,174,202],"best-effort":[11],"(BE)":[12],"jobs":[13,173,208],"is":[14],"a":[15,104,124,151],"key":[16],"strategy":[17],"for":[18,108],"enhancing":[19],"resource":[20,86,95,140,176,191],"utilization.":[21],"However,":[22],"existing":[23,213],"analysis-based":[24],"strategies":[26,77],"incur":[27],"high":[28],"analytical":[29,62],"costs":[30],"struggle":[32],"to":[33,36,48,93,138,157,212],"rapidly":[34],"adapt":[35],"evolving":[38],"fields":[39],"microservice":[44],"architectures,":[45],"often":[46],"failing":[47],"effectively":[49],"meet":[50],"demands":[52],"environments.":[56],"Feedback-based":[57],"strategies,":[59],"while":[60],"reducing":[61,175],"overhead,":[63],"lack":[64],"sufficient":[65],"research":[66],"in":[67,71,89,159,180],"multi-node":[68],"resulting":[70],"overly":[72],"coarse-grained":[73],"deployment":[74,121],"strategies.":[75],"These":[76],"do":[78],"not":[79],"adequately":[80],"consider":[81],"dynamic":[83,152],"workloads":[84],"constraints":[87],"inherent":[88],"computing,":[91],"leading":[92],"improper":[94],"allocation":[96,141],"degraded":[98],"performance.":[99],"This":[100],"paper":[101],"introduces":[102],"Cortex,":[103],"Kubernetes-based":[105],"framework":[107],"device":[110,183],"clusters":[111,184],"that":[112,155,186],"addresses":[113],"these":[114],"challenges":[115],"by":[116,193,200,209],"innovatively":[117],"transforming":[118],"problem":[122,130],"into":[123],"Minimum":[125],"Cost":[126],"Maximum":[127],"Flow":[128],"(MCMF)":[129],"employing":[132],"Network":[134],"Simplex":[135],"Algorithm":[136],"(NSA)":[137],"optimize":[139],"ensure":[143],"QoS":[144,197],"LC":[146,164],"services.":[147],"Cortex":[148,187],"also":[149],"features":[150],"adjustment":[153],"mechanism":[154],"adapts":[156],"changes":[158],"request":[161],"load":[162],"services,":[165],"thereby":[166],"minimizing":[167],"performance":[169],"loss":[170],"BE":[172,207],"wastage.":[177],"Our":[178],"experiments":[179],"real":[181],"demonstrate":[185],"significantly":[188],"improves":[189],"system":[190],"utilization":[192],"12.81%,":[194],"increases":[195],"satisfaction":[198],"rate":[199],"17.86%,":[201],"boosts":[203],"number":[205],"51.96%":[210],"compared":[211],"methods.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}