{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404132527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3494024","title":"BoneAuth: A Bone-Conduction-Based Voice Liveness Authentication for Voice Assistants","display_name":"BoneAuth: A Bone-Conduction-Based Voice Liveness Authentication for Voice Assistants","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404132527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3494024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3494024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3494024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073977877","display_name":"Yue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5308-0157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5308-0157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102579104","display_name":"Xueru Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1920-6963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueru Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1920-6963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104179625","display_name":"Q.N. Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2076-005X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qipeng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2076-005X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016490673","display_name":"Yao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-4932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-4932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082145985","display_name":"Pin Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1823-3158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pin Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1823-3158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356583","display_name":"Haibin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-6341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-6341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5557,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72864662,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"6997","last_page":"7009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9616000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.9019691944122314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7666829824447632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5791637897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-conduction","display_name":"Bone conduction","score":0.5482344031333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-over-ip","display_name":"Voice over IP","score":0.5235117077827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4994652271270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3678542375564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2468915581703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.1327742636203766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.11154237389564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.08104482293128967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.06528162956237793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.9019691944122314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7666829824447632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5791637897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97785308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490249","display_name":"Bone conduction","level":2,"score":0.5482344031333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171246234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81945","display_name":"Voice over IP","level":3,"score":0.5235117077827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4994652271270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3678542375564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2468915581703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.1327742636203766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11154237389564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.08104482293128967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.06528162956237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3494024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3494024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3213206966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYTS24144","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3513334230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYTS24145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434924631","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GLZX24039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5917222004","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022JQ-621, 2022JQ-658","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6365901020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYTS24145, ZYTS24144","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6718487430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB3101304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8278920337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574447377","https://openalex.org/W2022217943","https://openalex.org/W2402156731","https://openalex.org/W2536166232","https://openalex.org/W2575585029","https://openalex.org/W2735454016","https://openalex.org/W2745896134","https://openalex.org/W2765636281","https://openalex.org/W2809536883","https://openalex.org/W2898050070","https://openalex.org/W2920790154","https://openalex.org/W3003285580","https://openalex.org/W3004566149","https://openalex.org/W3005618127","https://openalex.org/W3027609558","https://openalex.org/W3095209748","https://openalex.org/W3110898057","https://openalex.org/W3111451165","https://openalex.org/W3111588685","https://openalex.org/W3127119708","https://openalex.org/W3132934478","https://openalex.org/W3149259391","https://openalex.org/W3153453329","https://openalex.org/W3155956353","https://openalex.org/W3161011913","https://openalex.org/W3169964936","https://openalex.org/W3199074910","https://openalex.org/W3210626783","https://openalex.org/W4200325641","https://openalex.org/W4200393441","https://openalex.org/W4220922534","https://openalex.org/W4226418308","https://openalex.org/W4226544560","https://openalex.org/W4319454375","https://openalex.org/W4382371735","https://openalex.org/W6636885848","https://openalex.org/W6782061724","https://openalex.org/W6783867762","https://openalex.org/W6796730497","https://openalex.org/W6856827949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565271071","https://openalex.org/W2081199208","https://openalex.org/W3160870209","https://openalex.org/W3349016","https://openalex.org/W2494011163","https://openalex.org/W2053262709","https://openalex.org/W1481041875","https://openalex.org/W2139648957","https://openalex.org/W2391970076","https://openalex.org/W10278191"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"voice":[1,70,103,182,187],"assistants":[2],"(VAs)":[3],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"popular,":[6],"concerns":[7],"about":[8],"their":[9,25,111],"privacy":[10],"and":[11,132,158,206],"security":[12,76],"have":[13],"garnered":[14],"significant":[15],"attention.":[16],"VAs":[17],"nowadays":[18],"rely":[19],"on":[20],"voiceprint":[21],"authentication":[22,51,71],"to":[23,32,43,82,124,204,236],"enhance":[24],"security.":[26],"However,":[27],"this":[28,65],"method":[29,223],"is":[30,80,98,183],"susceptible":[31],"spoofing":[33],"attacks,":[34],"where":[35],"attackers":[36],"may":[37],"use":[38,207],"recording":[39],"or":[40,188,215],"synthesis":[41],"techniques":[42],"mimic":[44],"the":[45,50,75,101,106,120,147,152,156,162,169,172,180,209,219,239],"user's":[46,102,181],"voice,":[47],"thereby":[48],"bypassing":[49],"mechanism.":[52],"To":[53],"address":[54],"this,":[55],"we":[56],"introduce":[57,139],"\u201cBoneAuth,\u201d":[58],"a":[59,140,184],"novel":[60],"liveness":[61],"detection":[62],"system":[63,118,176,193],"in":[64,85],"article.":[66],"It":[67],"offers":[68],"continuous":[69],"for":[72,199,211],"users,":[73],"enhancing":[74],"of":[77,151,171,221,241],"VAs.":[78],"BoneAuth":[79],"designed":[81],"be":[83],"used":[84],"wearable":[86],"devices":[87],"with":[88,105],"built-in":[89,122],"microphones,":[90],"such":[91],"as":[92],"Bluetooth":[93,227],"earphones.":[94,228],"Our":[95,192],"basic":[96],"idea":[97],"continuously":[99,167],"matching":[100],"signals":[104,108,160],"vibration":[107],"produced":[109],"by":[110,145],"vocal":[112],"cords":[113],"during":[114],"speech.":[115],"Specifically,":[116],"our":[117,175,222,242],"uses":[119],"device's":[121],"microphone":[123,164],"concurrently":[125],"capture":[126],"vibrations":[127],"from":[128,134,161],"bone":[129],"conduction":[130,136],"(BC)":[131],"voices":[133],"air":[135],"(AC).":[137],"We":[138,217],"signal":[141],"separation":[142],"algorithm":[143],"that,":[144],"measuring":[146],"unique":[148],"threshold":[149],"range":[150],"user,":[153],"can":[154,177],"separate":[155],"AC":[157],"BC":[159],"mixed":[163],"signals.":[165],"By":[166],"comparing":[168],"consistency":[170],"two":[173],"signals,":[174],"determine":[178],"whether":[179],"real":[185],"live":[186],"artificially":[189],"generated":[190],"voice.":[191],"does":[194],"not":[195],"require":[196],"user-specific":[197],"passphrases":[198],"authentication,":[200],"making":[201],"it":[202],"easy":[203],"deploy":[205],"without":[208],"need":[210],"additional":[212],"user":[213],"actions":[214],"hardware.":[216],"demonstrate":[218],"feasibility":[220],"using":[224],"commercial":[225],"off-the-shelf":[226],"Extensive":[229],"experiments":[230],"show":[231],"an":[232],"accuracy":[233],"rate":[234],"close":[235],"98.15%,":[237],"proving":[238],"effectiveness":[240],"approach.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}