{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403331589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3478820","title":"Blockchain and FL-Based Secure Architecture for Enhanced External Intrusion Detection in Smart Farming","display_name":"Blockchain and FL-Based Secure Architecture for Enhanced External Intrusion Detection in Smart Farming","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403331589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3478820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3478820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3478820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/9708/1/Accepted%20version.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045707887","display_name":"Sushil Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0030-5691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132999081","display_name":"Marwadi University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dn1812","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sushil Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0030-5691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062946231","display_name":"Manish Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-8589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132999081","display_name":"Marwadi University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dn1812","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}],"countries":["IN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manish Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-8589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103271290","display_name":"Ashish Khanna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9114-6739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799452066","display_name":"Maharaja Engineering College","ror":"https://ror.org/034pbde03","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799452066","https://openalex.org/I33585257"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Khanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology (GGSIPU), Delhi, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology (GGSIPU), India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology (GGSIPU), Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799452066"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology (GGSIPU), India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799452066"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079514173","display_name":"Bal S. Virdee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-0039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","display_name":"London Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae33288","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bal Virdee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Communications Technology Research Group, London Metropolitan University, London, U.K","Director of the Centre for Communications Technology research group, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-0039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communications Technology Research Group, London Metropolitan University, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director of the Centre for Communications Technology research group, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045707887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1404,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97804039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"3297","last_page":"3304"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8109185695648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.781993567943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6020837426185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5764790773391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48271796107292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4470243752002716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.4410320222377777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35066306591033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3362882733345032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8109185695648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.781993567943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6020837426185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5764790773391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48271796107292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4470243752002716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4410320222377777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35066306591033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3362882733345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3478820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3478820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.londonmet.ac.uk:9708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/9708/1/Accepted%20version.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400140","display_name":"London Met Repository (London Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","host_organization_name":"London Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.londonmet.ac.uk:9708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/9708/1/Accepted%20version.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400140","display_name":"London Met Repository (London Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","host_organization_name":"London Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322778","display_name":"London Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae33288"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403331589.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920136561","https://openalex.org/W2991463474","https://openalex.org/W3045916983","https://openalex.org/W3119336689","https://openalex.org/W3125850143","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3198266985","https://openalex.org/W4210757720","https://openalex.org/W4319066581","https://openalex.org/W4381801450","https://openalex.org/W4388110891","https://openalex.org/W4389522467","https://openalex.org/W4393089627","https://openalex.org/W4396753601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W2799059781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"farming":[1,40],"influences":[2],"advanced":[3],"technologies":[4],"to":[5,34,81,96,169,204],"optimize":[6],"agricultural":[7],"procedures,":[8],"yet":[9],"it":[10],"meets":[11],"significant":[12],"cybersecurity":[13],"challenges,":[14],"particularly":[15],"in":[16],"external":[17,44],"intrusion":[18,99],"detection":[19,100],"(EID).":[20],"This":[21],"article":[22],"proposes":[23],"a":[24],"novel":[25],"architecture":[26,68,185],"combining":[27],"blockchain":[28,49],"technology":[29],"and":[30,53,87,119,176,197],"federated":[31],"learning":[32,71],"(FL)":[33],"reinforce":[35],"the":[36,74,78,104,116,120,147,154,158,161,165,170,183],"security":[37],"of":[38,48,106,122,135,141,157,182,194],"smart":[39,84,129,142,166,201],"systems":[41],"(SMSs)":[42],"against":[43],"threats.":[45],"The":[46,109,133,179],"integration":[47],"ensures":[50],"data":[51,55,65,86,113,131],"authentication":[52,117],"transparent":[54],"storage,":[56],"while":[57,102],"FL":[58,94],"enables":[59],"collaborative":[60],"model":[61,76,111,163],"training":[62],"without":[63],"compromising":[64],"privacy.":[66],"Our":[67],"employs":[69],"ensemble":[70,79],"(EL)":[72],"for":[73,128,173,200],"local":[75,162],"at":[77,115,146],"layer":[80,172],"train":[82,98],"each":[83],"land\u2019s":[85,130],"offers":[88],"privacy-prevented":[89],"security.":[90],"These":[91],"devices":[92],"utilize":[93],"techniques":[95],"collaboratively":[97],"models":[101],"preserving":[103],"confidentiality":[105],"sensitive":[107],"data.":[108],"aggregated":[110,155,159],"completes":[112],"aggregation":[114],"layer,":[118],"Proof":[121],"Authentication":[123],"Consensus":[124],"Algorithm":[125],"is":[126,144],"leveraged":[127],"authentication.":[132],"Internet":[134],"Things":[136],"Sensor":[137],"device\u2019s":[138],"identical":[139],"information":[140,168],"lands":[143,167],"stored":[145],"macro":[148],"base":[149],"stations":[150],"(MBSs).":[151],"After":[152],"downloading":[153],"values":[156],"model,":[160],"transfers":[164],"Cloud":[171],"decision":[174],"making":[175],"decentralized":[177],"storage.":[178],"validation":[180],"outcomes":[181],"proposed":[184],"demonstrate":[186],"excellent":[187],"performance,":[188],"with":[189],"an":[190],"average":[191],"processing":[192],"time":[193],"3.663":[195],"s":[196],"0.9956":[198],"accuracy":[199],"land":[202],"compared":[203],"existing":[205],"frameworks.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
