{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403331635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3478231","title":"Building Efficient and Flexible Voting Protocols: An Approach to Fairness and Anonymity","display_name":"Building Efficient and Flexible Voting Protocols: An Approach to Fairness and Anonymity","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403331635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3478231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3478231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3478231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102490382","display_name":"Yijie Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7357-7826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijie Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7357-7826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062686570","display_name":"Kai Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6870-6657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6870-6657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079446138","display_name":"Yuhan Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7657-2123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7657-2123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111362413","display_name":"C. Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chonglin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329754","display_name":"Kan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-9596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-9596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024453724","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8310-7169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8310-7169","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402361","display_name":"Yintang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-5404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yintang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-5404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74455263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"3163","last_page":"3176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.941100001335144,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8232628107070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.7777006030082703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.6817259192466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5197995901107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47089484333992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3416277766227722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8232628107070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.7777006030082703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.6817259192466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5197995901107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47089484333992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3416277766227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3478231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3478231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3416543350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92067103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4427240869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019ZDLGY1202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4963054278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022C03174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5420252985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B16037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336698","funder_display_name":"Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5825931393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372356","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6746605564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YJS2212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336698","display_name":"Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479826086","https://openalex.org/W1531195150","https://openalex.org/W1550614890","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1608511627","https://openalex.org/W1885156594","https://openalex.org/W2032978846","https://openalex.org/W2058401212","https://openalex.org/W2100464161","https://openalex.org/W2105600028","https://openalex.org/W2106583429","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2117797270","https://openalex.org/W2129483619","https://openalex.org/W2143188769","https://openalex.org/W2592077777","https://openalex.org/W3011045328","https://openalex.org/W3045872359","https://openalex.org/W3109340983","https://openalex.org/W3130815982","https://openalex.org/W3154095569","https://openalex.org/W3159566766","https://openalex.org/W3188554269","https://openalex.org/W3197645786","https://openalex.org/W4206722610","https://openalex.org/W4254894701","https://openalex.org/W4285506945","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4312819401","https://openalex.org/W4381786393","https://openalex.org/W4387223603","https://openalex.org/W4389076720","https://openalex.org/W4399039741","https://openalex.org/W4399511400","https://openalex.org/W4399951528","https://openalex.org/W4402159589","https://openalex.org/W6629643366","https://openalex.org/W6630115690","https://openalex.org/W6636398258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966494590","https://openalex.org/W1593132758","https://openalex.org/W2117874351","https://openalex.org/W4206398305","https://openalex.org/W3023934611","https://openalex.org/W2157186778","https://openalex.org/W2982648111","https://openalex.org/W2082747743","https://openalex.org/W1697012991","https://openalex.org/W1555088513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Voting":[0],"protocols":[1,24,61,74,127],"are":[2],"fundamental":[3],"in":[4,32,90,149],"modern":[5],"society.":[6],"With":[7],"the":[8,15,19,33,39,48,64,77,88,100,137,143,182,207],"ongoing":[9],"evolution":[10],"of":[11,17,21,35,50,66,80,146,209],"communication":[12],"technology":[13],"and":[14,42,82,94,104,124,132,166,185,215],"Internet":[16],"Things,":[18],"importance":[20],"electronic":[22,69],"voting":[23,60,73,126,154,169],"is":[25],"anticipated":[26],"to":[27,54,121,142,152,180,195,205],"experience":[28],"a":[29,118,189],"significant":[30],"rise":[31],"advancement":[34],"smart":[36,172],"cities.":[37,173],"Leveraging":[38],"blockchain\u2019s":[40],"tamper-resistant":[41],"publicly":[43],"verifiable":[44],"properties,":[45],"along":[46],"with":[47,228],"concept":[49],"enabling":[51],"all":[52,225],"participants":[53],"tally":[55],"election":[56,95],"results,":[57],"blockchain-based":[58],"self-tallying":[59],"effectively":[62],"address":[63],"shortcomings":[65],"centralized":[67],"traditional":[68],"voting.":[70],"However,":[71],"existing":[72],"still":[75],"face":[76],"dual":[78],"challenge":[79],"security":[81,110,213,226],"efficiency.":[83],"The":[84,174],"primary":[85],"issues":[86],"include":[87],"difficulty":[89],"ensuring":[91],"voter":[92,183],"anonymity":[93,184],"fairness,":[96],"as":[97,99],"well":[98],"insufficient":[101],"system":[102],"robustness":[103],"low":[105],"tallying":[106],"efficiency":[107],"resulting":[108],"from":[109],"design.":[111],"To":[112],"tackle":[113],"these":[114],"concerns,":[115],"we":[116,135,162,218],"propose":[117],"novel":[119],"approach":[120],"constructing":[122],"efficient":[123,165],"flexible":[125,167],"that":[128,220],"concurrently":[129],"ensure":[130],"fairness":[131],"anonymity.":[133],"Specifically,":[134],"encapsulate":[136,196],"decryption":[138],"private":[139],"keys":[140,145],"corresponding":[141],"public":[144,186],"encrypted":[147],"ballots":[148],"time":[150],"capsules":[151],"safeguard":[153],"fairness.":[155],"Additionally,":[156],"based":[157],"on":[158],"our":[159,221],"proposed":[160,222],"approach,":[161],"construct":[163],"an":[164],"score":[168],"protocol":[170,175,223],"for":[171],"employs":[176],"traceable":[177],"ring":[178],"signature":[179],"protect":[181],"traceability,":[187],"utilizes":[188],"dual-key":[190],"additive":[191],"homomorphic":[192],"ElGamal":[193],"encryption":[194],"ballots.":[197,210],"We":[198],"also":[199],"improve":[200],"signature-based":[201],"set":[202],"membership":[203],"proofs":[204],"verify":[206],"validity":[208],"Furthermore,":[211],"through":[212],"analysis":[214],"performance":[216],"evaluation,":[217],"demonstrate":[219],"meets":[224],"objectives":[227],"reasonable":[229],"costs.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
