{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403095757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3468642","title":"Multipath Cooperative Routing in Ultradense LEO Satellite Networks: A Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Approach","display_name":"Multipath Cooperative Routing in Ultradense LEO Satellite Networks: A Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403095757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3468642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3468642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3468642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011599288","display_name":"Xiaoyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8940-4894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8940-4894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043286765","display_name":"Haibo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-8917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-8917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046428718","display_name":"Zitian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75059550","display_name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University","ror":"https://ror.org/0569mkk41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zitian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-735X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111511874","display_name":"Q. Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8985-9569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiangzhou Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063352703","display_name":"Ting Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8819-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University Of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University Of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.9188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99283583,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"1789","last_page":"1804"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8003156781196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7626144886016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.501678466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.501436710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.4985690116882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4793161153793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45001569390296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3941158056259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.2449098527431488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.22587871551513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07852959632873535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8003156781196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7626144886016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.501678466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.501436710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.4985690116882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4793161153793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45001569390296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3941158056259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.2449098527431488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.22587871551513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07852959632873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3468642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3468642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1227173260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20220067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336608","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4865171569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20220067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334121","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8829865417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1806104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334121","display_name":"Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336608","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981333210","https://openalex.org/W2059958288","https://openalex.org/W2521915382","https://openalex.org/W2783508736","https://openalex.org/W2799292918","https://openalex.org/W2900729845","https://openalex.org/W2943687748","https://openalex.org/W2971369668","https://openalex.org/W2990474946","https://openalex.org/W3034631130","https://openalex.org/W3048983622","https://openalex.org/W3107857469","https://openalex.org/W3108561509","https://openalex.org/W3128807435","https://openalex.org/W3133401902","https://openalex.org/W3133443111","https://openalex.org/W3155224216","https://openalex.org/W3164445272","https://openalex.org/W3178611087","https://openalex.org/W3183909918","https://openalex.org/W3196941187","https://openalex.org/W3200590324","https://openalex.org/W3207120344","https://openalex.org/W3213889621","https://openalex.org/W3216956110","https://openalex.org/W4200620119","https://openalex.org/W4210362980","https://openalex.org/W4289824408","https://openalex.org/W4310053202","https://openalex.org/W4312458537","https://openalex.org/W4312973015","https://openalex.org/W4320015795","https://openalex.org/W4321483980","https://openalex.org/W4322731167","https://openalex.org/W4386472844","https://openalex.org/W4388757450","https://openalex.org/W4389317746","https://openalex.org/W4392175328","https://openalex.org/W4392449434","https://openalex.org/W4392939609","https://openalex.org/W6741002519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2376969857","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W614679600","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2110252992","https://openalex.org/W2586732548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ultradense":[1],"low-Earth":[2],"orbit":[3],"(UD-LEO)":[4],"satellite":[5,81,125,136],"network":[6,33,54,147],"has":[7],"attracted":[8],"significant":[9],"attention":[10],"recently":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,119,143,161,167,183],"its":[14],"great":[15],"potential":[16],"in":[17,63,117],"providing":[18],"global":[19],"Internet":[20],"coverage":[21],"and":[22,30,91,109,211],"services.":[23],"For":[24],"the":[25,47,84,114,122,144,158,168,185,202],"sake":[26],"of":[27,86,100],"improving":[28,92],"performance":[29,215],"reliability,":[31],"multiple":[32,151,190],"paths":[34,153,191],"can":[35,154],"be":[36,155],"utilized":[37,193],"for":[38,79,194],"coordinated":[39],"transmission.":[40,196],"However,":[41],"state-of-the-art":[42],"multipath":[43,74,93,101,111,129,176,213],"routing":[44,76,88,107,130,140,209],"algorithms":[45],"face":[46],"challenge":[48],"when":[49,189],"dealing":[50],"with":[51,83,121],"highly":[52,123],"dynamic":[53,124],"characteristics":[55],"(i.e.,":[56],"high-speed":[57],"node":[58],"movement,":[59],"frequent":[60],"topology":[61],"changes)":[62],"such":[64],"emerging":[65],"networks.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"article,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"a":[72,127,172],"deep-reinforcement-learning-based":[73],"cooperative":[75,195],"(DRL-MPCR)":[77],"scheme":[78,205],"UD-LEO":[80],"networks,":[82],"aim":[85],"enhancing":[87],"discovery":[89,108,131,210],"capability":[90],"transmission":[94,214],"performance.":[95],"Two":[96],"main":[97],"building":[98],"blocks":[99],"transport":[102],"protocol":[103],"are":[104,192],"considered:":[105],"1)":[106],"2)":[110],"scheduling.":[112],"On":[113,157],"one":[115],"hand,":[116,160],"order":[118],"cope":[120],"network,":[126],"DRL-based":[128],"algorithm":[132],"is":[133,179],"proposed,":[134],"where":[135],"agents":[137],"independently":[138],"make":[139,163],"decisions":[141],"according":[142,166],"perceived":[145],"local":[146],"state,":[148],"so":[149],"that":[150,201],"available":[152],"obtained.":[156],"other":[159],"promptly":[162],"traffic":[164],"scheduling":[165,177],"varying":[169],"path":[170,187],"conditions,":[171],"water":[173],"filling":[174],"algorithm-based":[175],"policy":[178],"designed,":[180],"which":[181],"aims":[182],"optimize":[184],"maximum":[186],"cost":[188],"Extensive":[197],"simulation":[198],"results":[199],"demonstrate":[200],"proposed":[203],"DRL-MPCR":[204],"achieves":[206],"more":[207],"efficient":[208],"better":[212],"than":[216],"existing":[217],"ones.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}