{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402626914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3463185","title":"Diagnosis of Multiple Fundus Disorders Amidst a Scarcity of Medical Experts Via Self-Supervised Machine Learning","display_name":"Diagnosis of Multiple Fundus Disorders Amidst a Scarcity of Medical Experts Via Self-Supervised Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402626914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3463185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3463185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3463185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101633990","display_name":"Yong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-6926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109377323","display_name":"Meng\u2010Tian Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengtian Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089002209","display_name":"Shuo Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3096-4700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458161","display_name":"Chi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-8137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414488","display_name":"Ying Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7194-2378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651074","display_name":"Shi\u2010Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2828-3260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104293178","display_name":"Yue Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9514-9637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053226693","display_name":"Arokia Nathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2070-8853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118382","display_name":"Ida Darwin hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jxcp012","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118382","https://openalex.org/I4210144468"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arokia Nathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118382","https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051317390","display_name":"Wenjun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4887-3372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025016835","display_name":"Chenyu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6368-5639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026640581","display_name":"Edoardo Occhipinti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4691-9007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Occhipinti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UKRI Centre for Doctoral Training in AI for Health, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UKRI Centre for Doctoral Training in AI for Health, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075766899","display_name":"Mayinuer Yusufu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4860-0318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayinuer Yusufu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360133","display_name":"Ningli Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8933-4482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningli Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032982808","display_name":"Weiling Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiling Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002930233","display_name":"Luigi G. Occhipinti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9067-2534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Occhipinti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101633990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9493,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7603752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9228000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7609399557113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scarcity","display_name":"Scarcity","score":0.6258673667907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5470210313796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5045312643051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5007562637329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13138967752456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.10414868593215942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7609399557113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.6258673667907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5470210313796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5045312643051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5007562637329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13138967752456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.10414868593215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3463185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3463185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4227321859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K03099X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5989741934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7364723800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61827802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2287734588","https://openalex.org/W2886281300","https://openalex.org/W2924509510","https://openalex.org/W2954850454","https://openalex.org/W2965410183","https://openalex.org/W2979738378","https://openalex.org/W2983395335","https://openalex.org/W3002256141","https://openalex.org/W3008531067","https://openalex.org/W3042340386","https://openalex.org/W3043108808","https://openalex.org/W3045967759","https://openalex.org/W3080862813","https://openalex.org/W3082598879","https://openalex.org/W3084156874","https://openalex.org/W3089837614","https://openalex.org/W3109333577","https://openalex.org/W3110054227","https://openalex.org/W3117617661","https://openalex.org/W3153351689","https://openalex.org/W3156832349","https://openalex.org/W3157594656","https://openalex.org/W3158794809","https://openalex.org/W3164440025","https://openalex.org/W3168947860","https://openalex.org/W3176580834","https://openalex.org/W3192236463","https://openalex.org/W3205167685","https://openalex.org/W3213129577","https://openalex.org/W4213029749","https://openalex.org/W4220776988","https://openalex.org/W4220821604","https://openalex.org/W4229451621","https://openalex.org/W4297831050","https://openalex.org/W4308738068","https://openalex.org/W4312317010","https://openalex.org/W4313214568","https://openalex.org/W6753639838","https://openalex.org/W6799204908","https://openalex.org/W6800105665"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fundus":[0],"diseases":[1,160],"are":[2],"prevalent":[3],"causes":[4],"of":[5,84,96,129,146,158],"visual":[6],"impairment":[7],"and":[8,33,43,88,106,131,155],"blindness":[9],"worldwide,":[10],"particularly":[11],"in":[12,56,122,161],"regions":[13,57],"with":[14,58],"limited":[15,59],"access":[16],"to":[17,24,143],"ophthalmologists":[18],"for":[19,93,153],"timely":[20],"diagnosis.":[21],"Current":[22],"approaches":[23],"fundus":[25,86,98,109,159],"disease":[26],"diagnosis":[27],"heavily":[28],"rely":[29],"on":[30,48,72,80,103],"expert-annotated":[31],"data":[32,50,110],"AI-assisted":[34],"image":[35],"analysis,":[36],"offering":[37],"advantages,":[38],"such":[39],"as":[40],"improved":[41],"accuracy":[42],"accessibility.":[44],"However,":[45],"the":[46,94,104,123,126,144,151],"dependency":[47],"annotated":[49],"poses":[51],"a":[52,67,81,90,119,140],"significant":[53],"challenge,":[54,64],"especially":[55],"resources.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"this":[63],"we":[65],"propose":[66],"label-free":[68],"general":[69],"framework":[70],"based":[71],"self-supervised":[73],"machine":[74],"learning.":[75],"We":[76],"performed":[77],"feature":[78],"distillation":[79],"large":[82],"number":[83],"unlabeled":[85],"images":[87],"employed":[89],"linear":[91],"classifier":[92],"detection":[95,157],"different":[97],"diseases.":[99],"In":[100],"validation":[101,108],"experiments":[102],"public":[105],"external":[107],"sets,":[111],"our":[112],"model":[113],"surpassed":[114],"existing":[115],"supervised":[116],"approaches,":[117],"achieving":[118],"remarkable":[120],"increase":[121],"area":[124],"under":[125],"curve":[127],"(AUC)":[128],"15.7%,":[130],"even":[132],"outperformed":[133],"individual":[134],"human":[135],"experts.":[136],"Our":[137],"approach":[138],"offers":[139],"promising":[141],"solution":[142],"limitations":[145],"current":[147],"diagnostic":[148],"methods,":[149],"enhancing":[150],"potential":[152],"early":[154],"accurate":[156],"resource-constrained":[162],"settings.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}