{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402509009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3459921","title":"TFHSVul:A Fine-Grained Hybrid Semantic Vulnerability Detection Method Based on Self-Attention Mechanism in IOT","display_name":"TFHSVul:A Fine-Grained Hybrid Semantic Vulnerability Detection Method Based on Self-Attention Mechanism in IOT","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402509009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3459921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3459921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3459921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006924079","display_name":"Lijuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3386-4756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3386-4756","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111325642","display_name":"B. Q. An","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baolong An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7240-8912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116225866","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6020-9170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020197287","display_name":"Dawei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1812-1316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1812-1316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016214742","display_name":"Haipeng Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-0126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Center, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, and the National Engineering Laboratory for Disaster Backup and Recovery, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4415-0126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Center, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, and the National Engineering Laboratory for Disaster Backup and Recovery, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013467751","display_name":"Weizhao Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-5043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhao Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-5043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037677680","display_name":"Fenghua Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3570-115X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenghua Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3570-115X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102924129","display_name":"Xiaohui Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-9218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Network and Information System Security, Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8523,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74849834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9767000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9767000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9452000260353088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8327740430831909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.6509954929351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.534926176071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5155422687530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2953859269618988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8327740430831909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6509954929351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.534926176071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5155422687530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2953859269618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3459921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3459921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3443986154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172244","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6250878963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021MF132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6381019412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020YQ06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6986666658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB3107305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338173","funder_display_name":"Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programmes"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338173","display_name":"Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programmes","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990762361","https://openalex.org/W2067436653","https://openalex.org/W2079790393","https://openalex.org/W2137789775","https://openalex.org/W2154398797","https://openalex.org/W2634106992","https://openalex.org/W2765858138","https://openalex.org/W2781491433","https://openalex.org/W2885030880","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962960733","https://openalex.org/W2965861627","https://openalex.org/W2998879504","https://openalex.org/W3004762953","https://openalex.org/W3083954092","https://openalex.org/W3091588759","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3147107715","https://openalex.org/W3166095789","https://openalex.org/W3170092793","https://openalex.org/W3175995826","https://openalex.org/W3177116043","https://openalex.org/W3216271321","https://openalex.org/W4207068100","https://openalex.org/W4284667406","https://openalex.org/W4292982707","https://openalex.org/W4311165836","https://openalex.org/W4312326656","https://openalex.org/W4312436517","https://openalex.org/W4312690534","https://openalex.org/W4312757223","https://openalex.org/W4312969325","https://openalex.org/W4318562265","https://openalex.org/W4364322549","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6622239757","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6767260250","https://openalex.org/W6783227185","https://openalex.org/W6790588633","https://openalex.org/W6803755678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4200598720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"vulnerability":[1,28],"detection":[2,29,95,104,111,153],"methods":[3,118],"encounter":[4],"challenges,":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7],"inadequate":[8],"feature":[9,12,66],"representation,":[10],"constrained":[11],"extraction":[13,67],"capabilities,":[14,68],"and":[15,44,80],"coarse-grained":[16],"detection.":[17],"To":[18,64],"address":[19,106],"these":[20],"issues,":[21],"we":[22],"propose":[23],"a":[24,60,93,99,125,144],"fine-grained":[25,94],"hybrid":[26],"semantic":[27],"framework":[30],"based":[31,97],"on":[32,98,119],"Transformer,":[33],"named":[34],"TFHSVul.":[35],"Initially,":[36],"the":[37,53,85,107,132,137,151,156],"source":[38],"code":[39],"is":[40],"transformed":[41],"into":[42,84],"sequential":[43],"graph-based":[45],"representations":[46],"to":[47,105,115,136,155],"capture":[48],"multilevel":[49],"features,":[50],"thereby":[51],"solving":[52],"problem":[54],"of":[55,109],"insufficient":[56],"information":[57],"caused":[58],"by":[59],"single":[61],"intermediate":[62],"representation.":[63],"enhance":[65],"TFHSVul":[69,123],"integrates":[70],"multiscale":[71],"fusion":[72],"convolutional":[73,78],"neural":[74],"network,":[75,79],"residual":[76],"graph":[77],"pretrained":[81],"language":[82],"model":[83],"core":[86],"architecture,":[87],"significantly":[88],"boosting":[89],"performance.":[90],"We":[91],"design":[92],"method":[96],"self-attention":[100],"mechanism,":[101],"achieving":[102],"statement-level":[103,152],"issue":[108],"coarse":[110],"granularity.":[112],"In":[113],"comparison":[114],"existing":[116],"baseline":[117],"public":[120],"data":[121],"sets,":[122],"achieves":[124],"0.58":[126],"improvement":[127],"in":[128,147],"F1":[129],"score":[130],"at":[131,150],"function":[133],"level":[134],"compared":[135,154],"best":[138,157],"performing":[139,158],"model.":[140],"Moreover,":[141],"it":[142],"demonstrates":[143],"10%":[145],"enhancement":[146],"Top-10":[148],"accuracy":[149],"method.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
