{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401906629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3450686","title":"Multimodal Deep Reinforcement Learning for Visual Security of Virtual Reality Applications","display_name":"Multimodal Deep Reinforcement Learning for Visual Security of Virtual Reality Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401906629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3450686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3450686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3450686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106754885","display_name":"Amine Andam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6659-7380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131560","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Mohammed VI Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/03xc55g68","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amine Andam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco","Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6659-7380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020978568","display_name":"Jamal Bentahar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-4849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Bentahar","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-4849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026127239","display_name":"Mustapha Hedabou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7872-4469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131560","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Mohammed VI Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/03xc55g68","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustapha Hedabou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco","Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7872-4469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9687,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7410407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"24","first_page":"39890","last_page":"39900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.809744119644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.681656002998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6481188535690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6069961190223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4963865876197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.42404162883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35922253131866455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.809744119644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.681656002998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6481188535690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6069961190223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4963865876197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.42404162883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35922253131866455}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3450686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3450686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1966823298","https://openalex.org/W2031043921","https://openalex.org/W2045570771","https://openalex.org/W2343236817","https://openalex.org/W2662647872","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2785355036","https://openalex.org/W2794966952","https://openalex.org/W2885025724","https://openalex.org/W2889987506","https://openalex.org/W2901017705","https://openalex.org/W2987290548","https://openalex.org/W3125253952","https://openalex.org/W3216772467","https://openalex.org/W4200236575","https://openalex.org/W4221029209","https://openalex.org/W4251465276","https://openalex.org/W4294891500","https://openalex.org/W4295698842","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4308935891","https://openalex.org/W4377235537","https://openalex.org/W4386389292","https://openalex.org/W4386473187","https://openalex.org/W4387831834","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6753526802","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6772196467","https://openalex.org/W6804601995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,177],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,60,83,88,149,184,195],"virtual":[4,89],"reality":[5],"(VR)":[6],"technologies":[7],"is":[8,91,144],"bringing":[9],"unprecedented":[10],"immersive":[11],"experiences":[12],"and":[13,37,56,128,216,222],"unusual":[14],"digital":[15],"content.":[16],"Nevertheless,":[17],"these":[18,69,208],"advancements":[19],"introduce":[20],"new":[21],"security":[22,46],"challenges,":[23],"especially":[24],"in":[25,109,187],"safeguarding":[26],"the":[27,58,80,86,106,121,132,165,181,189,193],"visual":[28,44,61,107,138,171],"content":[29],"displayed":[30],"by":[31],"VR":[32,35,66,84,110,158,214],"devices":[33],"like":[34],"glasses":[36],"head-mounted":[38],"displays.":[39],"Most":[40],"existing":[41],"approaches":[42,70],"for":[43,64,120,157,219],"output":[45],"rely":[47],"exclusively":[48],"on":[49],"numerical":[50,127],"data,":[51],"such":[52],"as":[53],"object":[54],"attributes":[55],"overlook":[57],"need":[59],"information":[62],"necessary":[63],"thorough":[65],"protection.":[67],"Moreover,":[68],"typically":[71],"assume":[72],"a":[73,97,114,203],"fixed":[74],"size":[75],"input,":[76],"failing":[77],"to":[78,104,135,146,168,206],"address":[79],"dynamic":[81],"nature":[82],"where":[85],"number":[87],"items":[90],"constantly":[92],"changing.":[93],"This":[94],"article":[95],"presents":[96],"multimodal":[98,197],"deep":[99],"reinforcement":[100],"learning":[101],"(MMDRL)":[102],"approach":[103],"secure":[105],"outputs":[108],"applications.":[111],"We":[112],"formalize":[113],"Markov":[115],"decision":[116],"process":[117],"(MDP)":[118],"framework":[119],"MMDRL":[122,142],"agent":[123,143],"that":[124],"integrates":[125],"both":[126],"image":[129,185],"data":[130,148,186],"into":[131],"state":[133],"space":[134],"effectively":[136],"mitigate":[137],"threats.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"our":[141,162,196,213],"engineered":[145],"handle":[147],"varying":[150],"sizes,":[151],"which":[152],"makes":[153],"it":[154],"more":[155],"suitable":[156],"environments.":[159],"Results":[160],"from":[161],"experiments":[163],"demonstrate":[164],"agent\u2019s":[166,190],"ability":[167],"successfully":[169],"counteract":[170],"attacks,":[172],"significantly":[173],"outperforming":[174],"previous":[175],"approaches.":[176],"ablation":[178],"study":[179],"confirms":[180],"important":[182],"role":[183],"improving":[188],"performance,":[191],"highlighting":[192],"efficacy":[194],"approach.":[198],"In":[199],"addition,":[200],"we":[201,211],"provide":[202],"video":[204],"demonstration":[205],"showcase":[207],"results.":[209],"Finally,":[210],"open-source":[212],"testbed":[215],"source":[217],"code":[218],"further":[220],"testing":[221],"benchmarking.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}