{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401536931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3442997","title":"Transformer-Enhanced DQN Approach for Energy and Cost-Efficient Large-Scale Dynamic Workflow Scheduling in Heterogeneous Environment","display_name":"Transformer-Enhanced DQN Approach for Energy and Cost-Efficient Large-Scale Dynamic Workflow Scheduling in Heterogeneous Environment","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401536931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3442997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3442997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3442997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100584912","display_name":"Fan Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-5616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-5616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114207419","display_name":"Yaqian Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqian Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114207420","display_name":"Lizhi Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhi Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422148","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-3727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067315721","display_name":"Wenbo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5966-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6931,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93803934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"22","first_page":"37351","last_page":"37367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9708999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8094018697738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-priority-scheduling","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","score":0.607231080532074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5497548580169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.521881639957428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4991793632507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.1988184154033661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1864795982837677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.12339451909065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.08822685480117798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8094018697738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.607231080532074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5497548580169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.521881639957428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4991793632507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.1988184154033661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1864795982837677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.12339451909065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.08822685480117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3442997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3442997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970275772","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2149294210","https://openalex.org/W2546571074","https://openalex.org/W2632651774","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2973261831","https://openalex.org/W3085139254","https://openalex.org/W3123349785","https://openalex.org/W3126778401","https://openalex.org/W3130230457","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3158206853","https://openalex.org/W3173375626","https://openalex.org/W3175515048","https://openalex.org/W3188900107","https://openalex.org/W4205902144","https://openalex.org/W4206459162","https://openalex.org/W4226230002","https://openalex.org/W4285154053","https://openalex.org/W4286209632","https://openalex.org/W4288719472","https://openalex.org/W4290975240","https://openalex.org/W4298618744","https://openalex.org/W4306752035","https://openalex.org/W4310291197","https://openalex.org/W4313535045","https://openalex.org/W4316372936","https://openalex.org/W4321022102","https://openalex.org/W4321604924","https://openalex.org/W4322576845","https://openalex.org/W4323338641","https://openalex.org/W4360864618","https://openalex.org/W4366251418","https://openalex.org/W4379875944","https://openalex.org/W4380714904","https://openalex.org/W4384938269","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387047812","https://openalex.org/W4387431622","https://openalex.org/W4390721120","https://openalex.org/W4391853671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1981780420","https://openalex.org/W2182707996","https://openalex.org/W45233828","https://openalex.org/W2964988449","https://openalex.org/W2397952901","https://openalex.org/W2503553253","https://openalex.org/W2007209782","https://openalex.org/W2012090098"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"a":[1,34,42,62,164],"heterogeneous":[2,37],"workflow":[3],"environment,":[4],"the":[5,51,58,68,78,83,86,102,136],"uncertainty":[6,74],"of":[7,53,70,85],"task":[8,15],"execution":[9],"times,":[10],"dynamic":[11,112],"resource":[12,158],"changes,":[13],"and":[14,29,57,75,94,114,129,151,156],"dependencies\u2019":[16],"evolution":[17],"pose":[18],"significant":[19,144],"scheduling":[20,31,44],"challenges.":[21,171],"This":[22,65,140],"article":[23],"investigates":[24],"how":[25],"to":[26,72,122,135,167],"make":[27],"intelligent":[28],"adaptive":[30],"decisions":[32],"in":[33,77,89,109,145],"constantly":[35],"changing":[36],"cloud":[38,169],"environment.":[39],"We":[40],"propose":[41],"novel":[43],"approach,":[45],"transformer-enhanced":[46],"DQN":[47],"(T-DQN)":[48],"that":[49,101],"combines":[50],"strengths":[52],"reinforcement":[54],"learning":[55],"(RL)":[56],"Transformer":[59,87],"model":[60,88],"into":[61],"hybrid":[63],"strategy.":[64],"method":[66],"leverages":[67],"ability":[69],"RL":[71],"handle":[73],"dynamics":[76],"decision-making":[79],"process":[80],"while":[81],"integrating":[82],"advantages":[84],"dealing":[90],"with":[91],"long":[92],"sequences":[93],"complex":[95,168],"relationships.":[96],"Our":[97],"experimental":[98],"evaluation":[99],"shows":[100],"T-DQN":[103,117],"algorithm":[104],"outperforms":[105],"existing":[106],"algorithms":[107],"consistently":[108],"real-world":[110],"workflow,":[111],"scenarios,":[113],"high-load":[115,146],"environments.":[116],"reduces":[118],"makespan":[119],"by":[120,126,132],"up":[121],"13.66%,":[123],"improves":[124,130],"energy":[125],"about":[127],"16.65%,":[128],"cost":[131],"44.72%":[133],"compared":[134],"six":[137],"other":[138],"approaches.":[139],"performance":[141],"is":[142],"particularly":[143],"environments,":[147],"where":[148],"T-DQN\u2019s":[149],"adaptability":[150],"scalability":[152],"minimize":[153],"failure":[154],"rates":[155],"optimize":[157],"management,":[159],"affirming":[160],"its":[161],"suitability":[162],"as":[163],"robust":[165],"solution":[166],"computing":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}