{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401379750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3435958","title":"Asynchronous Time-of-Arrival-Based 5G Localization: Methods and Optimal Geometry Analysis","display_name":"Asynchronous Time-of-Arrival-Based 5G Localization: Methods and Optimal Geometry Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401379750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3435958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3435958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3435958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368696","display_name":"Yuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-0587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-0587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431222","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, and the Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-0972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, and the Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034541026","display_name":"Erwu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-6208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erwu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007519947","display_name":"Bofeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9553-4106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bofeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9553-4106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019287409","display_name":"Haibo Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-7530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-7530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9039,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86080346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"20","first_page":"33994","last_page":"34008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7529962062835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.569129228591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.5047765970230103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.4970073997974396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.43152594566345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.35606852173805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35388970375061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2880818545818329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.17533764243125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16827207803726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1638241708278656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7529962062835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.569129228591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5047765970230103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.4970073997974396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.43152594566345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.35606852173805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35388970375061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2880818545818329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17533764243125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16827207803726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1638241708278656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3435958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3435958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2884988689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4705009985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21220713100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330402","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Technology Innovation Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330402","display_name":"Shanghai Technology Innovation Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506975760","https://openalex.org/W1975013860","https://openalex.org/W1978141941","https://openalex.org/W1993371327","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2001886371","https://openalex.org/W2050968963","https://openalex.org/W2088706059","https://openalex.org/W2136508742","https://openalex.org/W2141276434","https://openalex.org/W2141833981","https://openalex.org/W2163513242","https://openalex.org/W2344693421","https://openalex.org/W2353126473","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2511738007","https://openalex.org/W2750839131","https://openalex.org/W2755061881","https://openalex.org/W2770225726","https://openalex.org/W2805186583","https://openalex.org/W2904367728","https://openalex.org/W2942003716","https://openalex.org/W2945710797","https://openalex.org/W2962693553","https://openalex.org/W2963830578","https://openalex.org/W2964173589","https://openalex.org/W2979830514","https://openalex.org/W3033586993","https://openalex.org/W3095719114","https://openalex.org/W3100326858","https://openalex.org/W3134592264","https://openalex.org/W3197614439","https://openalex.org/W3207004091","https://openalex.org/W3211707454","https://openalex.org/W3212440979","https://openalex.org/W4312749526","https://openalex.org/W4387870858","https://openalex.org/W4391215952","https://openalex.org/W4392207953","https://openalex.org/W6736828528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4252083369","https://openalex.org/W2539931258","https://openalex.org/W2009411769","https://openalex.org/W2124375045","https://openalex.org/W2549315536","https://openalex.org/W2802261045","https://openalex.org/W3094623405","https://openalex.org/W2215607475","https://openalex.org/W2103950594","https://openalex.org/W3017101480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,101,163],"article":[1],"is":[2,19,103,164],"dedicated":[3],"to":[4,39,74],"addressing":[5,125],"the":[6,23,50,67,83,117,126,137,155,158,195,214,219],"localization":[7,93],"challenge":[8],"in":[9],"5G":[10],"environments,":[11],"specifically":[12,104],"utilizing":[13],"time-of-arrival":[14],"(TOA)":[15],"measurements.":[16],"The":[17,113],"focus":[18],"on":[20,154],"scenarios":[21,170],"where":[22],"user":[24],"equipment":[25],"(UE)":[26],"and":[27,70,197,216],"base":[28],"transceiver":[29],"stations":[30],"(BTSs)":[31],"or":[32,41,44],"first-generation":[33],"NodeBs":[34],"(gNBs)":[35],"face":[36],"challenges":[37],"related":[38],"synchronization":[40],"inaccurate":[42],"BTS":[43],"gNB":[45,110],"positions.":[46],"First,":[47],"we":[48,88,135,180,203],"present":[49,89],"range-weighted":[51,97],"majorization":[52,57],"minimization":[53,58],"(RW-MM)":[54],"algorithm,":[55],"harnessing":[56],"(MM)":[59],"techniques":[60],"for":[61,82,106,142],"UE":[62,92,144],"localization.":[63,145],"We":[64,146],"rigorously":[65],"establish":[66,148],"algorithm\u2019s":[68],"monotonicity":[69],"demonstrate":[71],"its":[72],"convergence":[73],"a":[75,79,90,149,205],"stationary":[76],"point,":[77],"providing":[78],"theoretical":[80],"foundation":[81],"RW-MM":[84],"method.":[85],"In":[86],"addition,":[87],"novel":[91],"method":[94,102],"called":[95],"robust":[96],"semidefinite":[98],"relaxation":[99],"(RRW-SDR).":[100],"designed":[105],"situations":[107],"involving":[108],"bounded":[109],"position":[111],"errors.":[112],"RRW-SDR":[114],"algorithm":[115],"optimizes":[116],"worst-case":[118],"weighted":[119],"least":[120],"square":[121],"function":[122],"while":[123],"uniquely":[124],"individual":[127],"error":[128,161],"constraints":[129],"associated":[130],"with":[131,169,176],"each":[132],"gNB.":[133],"Furthermore,":[134],"derive":[136],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[138],"lower":[139,152,191],"bound":[140,153],"(CRLB)":[141],"TOA-based":[143],"additionally":[147],"more":[150],"stringent":[151],"determinant":[156],"of":[157,188,200,207,218],"target":[159],"estimation":[160],"covariance.":[162],"particularly":[165],"significant":[166],"when":[167],"dealing":[168],"that":[171],"include":[172],"independent":[173],"measurement":[174],"noise":[175],"varying":[177],"variances.":[178],"Moreover,":[179],"identify":[181],"an":[182],"optimal":[183],"user-gNB":[184],"geometrical":[185],"configuration":[186],"capable":[187],"achieving":[189],"this":[190],"bound.":[192],"To":[193],"validate":[194],"effectiveness":[196],"practical":[198],"applicability":[199],"our":[201],"contributions,":[202],"conduct":[204],"series":[206],"meticulous":[208],"numerical":[209],"simulations.":[210],"These":[211],"experiments":[212],"affirm":[213],"robustness":[215],"utility":[217],"developed":[220],"methods.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}