{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392739281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3376635","title":"Advancing Malware Detection in Network Traffic With Self-Paced Class Incremental Learning","display_name":"Advancing Malware Detection in Network Traffic With Self-Paced Class Incremental Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392739281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3376635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3376635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3376635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114500364","display_name":"Xiaohu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3187-6965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040994348","display_name":"Xixi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0944-2214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xixi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052563154","display_name":"Qianyun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2147-4059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianyun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017851308","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7763-4261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031253024","display_name":"Bamidele Adebisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-9120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bamidele Adebisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016337773","display_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087599025","display_name":"Hikmet Sari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8114-6164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hikmet Sari","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027367677","display_name":"Guan Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114500364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1906,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95760376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"21816","last_page":"21826"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8382863998413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7288521528244019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6599149107933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47235095500946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46730661392211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3460434675216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32980579137802124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8382863998413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7288521528244019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6599149107933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47235095500946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46730661392211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3460434675216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32980579137802124}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3376635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3376635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:636729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3187-6965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1661167618","https://openalex.org/W1981738628","https://openalex.org/W2041855183","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2062401262","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2103312864","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2473930607","https://openalex.org/W2474280151","https://openalex.org/W2512772081","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2765463072","https://openalex.org/W2788388592","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W2911471242","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2948734064","https://openalex.org/W2963072899","https://openalex.org/W2963788399","https://openalex.org/W2964189064","https://openalex.org/W3006182894","https://openalex.org/W3007970939","https://openalex.org/W3013935691","https://openalex.org/W3030364939","https://openalex.org/W3035342403","https://openalex.org/W3038716110","https://openalex.org/W3088383832","https://openalex.org/W3095531713","https://openalex.org/W3098755434","https://openalex.org/W3112858938","https://openalex.org/W3144281354","https://openalex.org/W3157156764","https://openalex.org/W3163939464","https://openalex.org/W3167948099","https://openalex.org/W3169313989","https://openalex.org/W3170485195","https://openalex.org/W3176231977","https://openalex.org/W3180392831","https://openalex.org/W3185153723","https://openalex.org/W3195911184","https://openalex.org/W3197914403","https://openalex.org/W3206674745","https://openalex.org/W4206739656","https://openalex.org/W4210616537","https://openalex.org/W4226179508","https://openalex.org/W4245460974","https://openalex.org/W4298219653","https://openalex.org/W4300468236","https://openalex.org/W4312693871","https://openalex.org/W4313028293","https://openalex.org/W4317419387","https://openalex.org/W4368232854","https://openalex.org/W4378805027","https://openalex.org/W4385153825","https://openalex.org/W4385975859","https://openalex.org/W4386066416","https://openalex.org/W4386078135","https://openalex.org/W4386951843","https://openalex.org/W4402092710","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639048092","https://openalex.org/W6677258307","https://openalex.org/W6682778277","https://openalex.org/W6720926796","https://openalex.org/W6850441048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W4316881845","https://openalex.org/W2975527072"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"network":[1,22,60],"security,":[2],"effective":[3],"malware":[4,36,81,96,125],"detection":[5,97],"is":[6],"of":[7,21,79,86,158,167],"paramount":[8],"importance.":[9],"Traditional":[10],"methods":[11],"often":[12],"struggle":[13],"to":[14,133],"accurately":[15],"learn":[16],"and":[17,25,112,123,143,155,161,170,176],"process":[18],"the":[19,77],"characteristics":[20],"traffic":[23,61],"data,":[24],"must":[26],"balance":[27,108],"rapid":[28],"processing":[29],"with":[30,102,147],"retaining":[31],"memory":[32],"for":[33,63],"previously":[34],"encountered":[35],"categories":[37],"as":[38],"new":[39,80],"ones":[40],"emerge.":[41],"To":[42],"tackle":[43],"these":[44],"challenges,":[45],"we":[46],"propose":[47],"a":[48,148],"cutting-edge":[49],"approach":[50],"using":[51],"self-paced":[52],"class":[53,65],"incremental":[54,66,135],"learning":[55,67,136],"(SPCIL).":[56],"This":[57],"method":[58],"harnesses":[59],"data":[62],"enhanced":[64],"(CIL).":[68],"A":[69],"pivotal":[70],"technique":[71],"in":[72,93,141,156],"deep":[73],"learning,":[74],"CIL":[75],"facilitates":[76],"integration":[78],"classes":[82],"while":[83],"preserving":[84],"recognition":[85],"prior":[87],"categories.":[88],"The":[89],"unique":[90],"loss":[91,101],"function":[92],"our":[94],"SPCIL-driven":[95],"combines":[98],"sparse":[99,103],"pairwise":[100],"loss,":[104],"striking":[105],"an":[106],"optimal":[107],"between":[109],"model":[110,150],"simplicity":[111],"accuracy.":[113],"Experimental":[114],"results":[115],"reveal":[116],"that":[117],"SPCIL":[118,138],"proficiently":[119],"identifies":[120],"both":[121],"existing":[122],"emerging":[124],"classes,":[126],"adeptly":[127],"addressing":[128],"catastrophic":[129],"forgetting.":[130],"In":[131],"comparison":[132],"other":[134],"approaches,":[137],"stands":[139],"out":[140],"performance":[142],"efficiency.":[144,178],"It":[145],"operates":[146],"minimal":[149],"parameter":[151],"count":[152],"(8.35":[153],"million)":[154],"increments":[157],"2,":[159],"4,":[160],"5,":[162],"achieves":[163],"impressive":[164],"accuracy":[165],"rates":[166],"89.61%,":[168],"94.74%,":[169],"97.21%":[171],"respectively,":[172],"underscoring":[173],"its":[174],"effectiveness":[175],"operational":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}