{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391620777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3363188","title":"Multi-UAV Hierarchical Intelligent Traffic Offloading Network Optimization Based on Deep Federated Learning","display_name":"Multi-UAV Hierarchical Intelligent Traffic Offloading Network Optimization Based on Deep Federated Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391620777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3363188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3363188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3363188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053044511","display_name":"Fengqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-548X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7350606","display_name":"Dalian Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gp45n31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-548X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029702035","display_name":"Kaiyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7664-0360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7350606","display_name":"Dalian Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gp45n31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7664-0360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085579919","display_name":"Jiaheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9783-5471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7350606","display_name":"Dalian Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gp45n31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115076657","display_name":"Yudong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7538-5089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7350606","display_name":"Dalian Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gp45n31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7538-5089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039236886","display_name":"Fengqiang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4637-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7350606","display_name":"Dalian Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gp45n31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengqiang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4637-7028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072457818","display_name":"Yanjuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-5732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7350606","display_name":"Dalian Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gp45n31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","Yunnan Key Laboratory of Service Computing, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-5732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Service Computing, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006374721","display_name":"Tong Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9222-1035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7350606","display_name":"Dalian Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gp45n31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9222-1035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and the Dalian Key Laboratory of Blockchain Technology and Application, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7350606"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.7981,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98993109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"21312","last_page":"21324"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8588653802871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6993793249130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5935344696044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5566704869270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5118740797042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.49622660875320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.47929733991622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4618116617202759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.4431381821632385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.43799182772636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4240066707134247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.42023080587387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.32633519172668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23495736718177795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8588653802871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6993793249130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5935344696044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5566704869270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5118740797042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.49622660875320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.47929733991622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4618116617202759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.4431381821632385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.43799182772636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4240066707134247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.42023080587387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.32633519172668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23495736718177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3363188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3363188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2268751503","https://openalex.org/W2758233612","https://openalex.org/W2790256744","https://openalex.org/W2887509328","https://openalex.org/W2895939936","https://openalex.org/W2901790394","https://openalex.org/W2963697941","https://openalex.org/W2963961639","https://openalex.org/W2972882814","https://openalex.org/W2976344064","https://openalex.org/W2979035384","https://openalex.org/W2981262799","https://openalex.org/W2991236681","https://openalex.org/W3001361085","https://openalex.org/W3009823869","https://openalex.org/W3011766871","https://openalex.org/W3014517104","https://openalex.org/W3045898871","https://openalex.org/W3056678973","https://openalex.org/W3113075130","https://openalex.org/W3118294920","https://openalex.org/W3121452354","https://openalex.org/W3127049675","https://openalex.org/W3134652089","https://openalex.org/W3152617927","https://openalex.org/W3158749225","https://openalex.org/W3168104141","https://openalex.org/W3187950552","https://openalex.org/W3191346991","https://openalex.org/W3201933858","https://openalex.org/W3203682130","https://openalex.org/W3209647353","https://openalex.org/W3211063165","https://openalex.org/W3211539086","https://openalex.org/W4205802647","https://openalex.org/W4211023961","https://openalex.org/W4211132563","https://openalex.org/W4212849585","https://openalex.org/W4286373848","https://openalex.org/W4293173843","https://openalex.org/W4310053202","https://openalex.org/W4385490996","https://openalex.org/W4385804832","https://openalex.org/W4388692222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2303288554","https://openalex.org/W3033750547","https://openalex.org/W2029216794","https://openalex.org/W4386698331","https://openalex.org/W2047225036","https://openalex.org/W2138314731","https://openalex.org/W2029232111","https://openalex.org/W2029263917","https://openalex.org/W2093207996","https://openalex.org/W2982446297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,64,96,105,116,124,132,139,164,176],"exponential":[2],"growth":[3],"in":[4,47,131,184,193],"mobile":[5,27],"data":[6],"volume,":[7],"cellular":[8],"networks":[9],"are":[10,23],"under":[11],"severe":[12],"capacity":[13,110],"pressure.":[14],"To":[15],"address":[16],"this":[17,152],"issue,":[18],"Unmanned":[19],"Aerial":[20],"Vehicles":[21],"(UAVs)":[22],"being":[24],"used":[25],"as":[26,112,143],"Base":[28],"Stations":[29],"(BSs)":[30],"for":[31,128,190],"traffic":[32,38,69,82,140,170,195],"offloading.":[33],"However,":[34],"coordinating":[35],"and":[36,42,60,71,168,179],"scheduling":[37],"across":[39],"multiple":[40],"UAVs":[41],"BSs":[43],"remains":[44],"a":[45,53,79,144],"challenge":[46],"complex":[48],"environments.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51,153],"proposes":[52,154],"solution":[54],"that":[55,175],"optimizes":[56],"UAV":[57,73,97,118],"deployment":[58],"locations":[59],"user":[61],"resource":[62],"allocation,":[63],"goal":[65],"is":[66,99],"to":[67,114,157,163],"maximize":[68],"offloading":[70,83,141,196],"minimize":[72],"energy":[74],"consumption":[75],"simultaneously.":[76],"We":[77],"introduce":[78],"hierarchical":[80],"intelligent":[81,194],"network":[84,166],"optimization":[85],"framework":[86,178],"based":[87],"on":[88,150],"Deep":[89],"Federated":[90],"Learning":[91],"(DFL).":[92],"Through":[93],"federated":[94,133],"learning,":[95],"swarm":[98],"organized":[100],"hierarchically.":[101],"Additionally,":[102],"we":[103,137],"developed":[104],"CPRAFT":[106],"algorithm,":[107],"which":[108,161],"uses":[109],"values":[111],"criterion":[113],"select":[115],"Leader":[117],"(L-UAV).":[119],"The":[120],"L-UAV":[121],"then":[122],"becomes":[123],"top-level":[125],"central":[126],"server":[127],"model":[129],"aggregation":[130],"learning":[134],"environment.":[135],"Furthermore,":[136],"formalize":[138],"problem":[142],"Markov":[145],"Decision":[146],"Process":[147],"(MDP).":[148],"Based":[149],"MDP,":[151],"FL-SNTD3":[155],"algorithm":[156,180],"optimize":[158],"dynamic":[159],"decision-making,":[160],"adapts":[162],"ever-changing":[165],"environment":[167],"fluctuating":[169],"demands.":[171],"Simulation":[172],"experiments":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"proposed":[177],"exhibit":[181],"outstanding":[182],"performance":[183],"various":[185],"aspects,":[186],"providing":[187],"robust":[188],"support":[189],"future":[191],"research":[192],"networks.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}