{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391936007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3360245","title":"Localization in Underwater Acoustic IoT Networks: Dealing With Perturbed Anchors and Stratification","display_name":"Localization in Underwater Acoustic IoT Networks: Dealing With Perturbed Anchors and Stratification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391936007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3360245"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3360245","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3360245","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044974449","display_name":"Xiaojun Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-4329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097049","display_name":"Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00z9npm78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097049"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-4329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101744803","display_name":"Dezhi Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-5461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dezhi Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-5461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042602326","display_name":"Nasir Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058026627","display_name":"Huafeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3150-3407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huafeng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3150-3407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074296493","display_name":"Bing Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097049","display_name":"Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00z9npm78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097049"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063188437","display_name":"Kuan\u2010Ching Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177918364","display_name":"Providence University","ror":"https://ror.org/03fcpsq87","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177918364"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuan-Ching Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177918364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.3884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99582658,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"17757","last_page":"17769"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6785229444503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.635183572769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratification","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","score":0.5923845171928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.48642563819885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.43862974643707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustics","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","score":0.4219588339328766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26588717103004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19093522429466248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.14845627546310425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6785229444503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.635183572769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192943249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893382","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","level":5,"score":0.5923845171928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.48642563819885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.43862974643707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.4219588339328766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26588717103004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19093522429466248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.14845627546310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2397491","display_name":"Seed dormancy","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838","display_name":"Germination","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3527866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162267","display_name":"Dormancy","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3360245","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3360245","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1310438666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52071200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2915747851","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M712027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3082817172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC2801002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4208089892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52201403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5392957969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52331012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6476121522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52102397","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8829400270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52201401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1986973267","https://openalex.org/W2026177440","https://openalex.org/W2028526813","https://openalex.org/W2031414348","https://openalex.org/W2046220682","https://openalex.org/W2064116064","https://openalex.org/W2095705027","https://openalex.org/W2123509738","https://openalex.org/W2156476853","https://openalex.org/W2342625116","https://openalex.org/W2895346482","https://openalex.org/W2958573942","https://openalex.org/W2971487583","https://openalex.org/W3010457411","https://openalex.org/W3016440541","https://openalex.org/W3028730434","https://openalex.org/W3030564685","https://openalex.org/W3042029202","https://openalex.org/W3045013275","https://openalex.org/W3064926427","https://openalex.org/W3091163237","https://openalex.org/W3091348010","https://openalex.org/W3127634510","https://openalex.org/W3161322579","https://openalex.org/W3163679798","https://openalex.org/W3178330152","https://openalex.org/W3191012694","https://openalex.org/W3204421027","https://openalex.org/W3211688920","https://openalex.org/W4205298615","https://openalex.org/W4205518769","https://openalex.org/W4206603161","https://openalex.org/W4213414547","https://openalex.org/W4213447621","https://openalex.org/W4214547634","https://openalex.org/W4226135409","https://openalex.org/W4281790412","https://openalex.org/W4285611430","https://openalex.org/W4286110926","https://openalex.org/W4287887192","https://openalex.org/W4293094683","https://openalex.org/W4294168015","https://openalex.org/W4313399258","https://openalex.org/W4315926882","https://openalex.org/W4320015814","https://openalex.org/W4320472708","https://openalex.org/W4327661967","https://openalex.org/W4360584333","https://openalex.org/W4365447485","https://openalex.org/W4366308991","https://openalex.org/W4366685189","https://openalex.org/W4366771244","https://openalex.org/W4375929334","https://openalex.org/W4378979371","https://openalex.org/W4379033864","https://openalex.org/W4380201463","https://openalex.org/W4380765912","https://openalex.org/W4380878505","https://openalex.org/W4381684816","https://openalex.org/W4381735885","https://openalex.org/W4383890571","https://openalex.org/W4384787220","https://openalex.org/W4384787880","https://openalex.org/W4385453183","https://openalex.org/W4386002606","https://openalex.org/W4387870408","https://openalex.org/W4388181804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081304190","https://openalex.org/W2477841276","https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W2556643280","https://openalex.org/W2344578948","https://openalex.org/W2325565661","https://openalex.org/W46613192","https://openalex.org/W2363597014","https://openalex.org/W4366376692","https://openalex.org/W1510681752"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"acoustic":[1],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,58,125,154,158,213],"Things":[4],"Networks":[5],"(UAIoTNs)":[6],"play":[7],"a":[8,70,74,165,179,192],"crucial":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,38,46,81,182,191],"oceanographic":[12],"and":[13,44,68,97,112,129,134,142,160,189,209],"environmental":[14],"monitoring,":[15],"necessitating":[16],"precise":[17],"localization":[18,80,219],"for":[19,78,199],"optimal":[20],"functionality.":[21],"However,":[22],"the":[23,30,47,55,101,118,123,126,155,183,197,211,214],"underwater":[24,35,87],"setting":[25],"introduces":[26],"significant":[27],"challenges,":[28],"encompassing":[29],"stratification":[31,127,159],"effect":[32,128],"arising":[33],"from":[34,93],"heterogeneity,":[36],"uncertainty":[37],"anchor":[39],"positions":[40],"due":[41],"to":[42,171,226],"currents,":[43],"variations":[45],"signal":[48],"transmission":[49],"environment.":[50],"These":[51],"factors":[52],"collectively":[53],"impede":[54],"accurate":[56],"estimation":[57],"location.":[59],"Consequently,":[60],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"addresses":[63],"these":[64],"challenges":[65],"by":[66],"analyzing":[67],"deriving":[69],"closed-form":[71,193],"solution":[72,194],"using":[73],"time-of-arrival":[75],"(TOA)-based":[76],"technique":[77],"3D":[79],"UAIoTNs.":[82],"The":[83],"investigation":[84],"establishes":[85],"an":[86,144],"stratified":[88],"propagation":[89],"model,":[90],"drawing":[91],"inspiration":[92],"ray":[94],"tracing":[95],"theory":[96],"Snell\u2019s":[98],"law.":[99],"Employing":[100],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[102],"lower":[103],"bound":[104],"(CRLB)":[105],"framework,":[106],"we":[107,139,163],"explore":[108],"scenarios":[109,223],"both":[110],"with":[111],"without":[113],"considering":[114],"perturbed":[115,130],"anchors,":[116,162],"utilizing":[117],"Banachiewicz-Schur":[119],"theorem.":[120],"To":[121],"quantify":[122],"impact":[124],"anchors":[131],"on":[132,151],"CRLB":[133],"mean":[135],"square":[136],"error":[137],"(MSE),":[138],"further":[140],"analyze":[141],"derive":[143],"MSE":[145],"expression,":[146],"employing":[147],"Taylor-series":[148],"linearization.":[149],"Building":[150],"our":[152,206],"analysis":[153],"detrimental":[156],"effects":[157],"inaccurate":[161],"introduce":[164],"multiple-weighted":[166],"least":[167],"squares":[168],"(MWLS)":[169],"algorithm":[170],"alleviate":[172],"potential":[173],"performance":[174],"losses.":[175],"This":[176],"approach":[177],"integrates":[178],"matrix":[180],"operator":[181],"update":[184],"step,":[185],"eliminating":[186],"variable":[187],"dependencies":[188],"resulting":[190],"that":[195],"circumvents":[196],"need":[198],"iterative":[200],"processes.":[201],"Our":[202],"simulation":[203],"results":[204],"validate":[205],"analytical":[207],"findings":[208],"demonstrate":[210],"effectiveness":[212],"proposed":[215],"method,":[216],"showcasing":[217],"improved":[218],"accuracy":[220],"across":[221],"various":[222],"when":[224],"compared":[225],"state-of-the-art":[227],"approaches.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}