{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390659928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3350927","title":"Achieving Efficient Feature Representation for Modulation Signal: A Cooperative Contrast Learning Approach","display_name":"Achieving Efficient Feature Representation for Modulation Signal: A Cooperative Contrast Learning Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390659928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3350927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3350927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3350927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100746164","display_name":"Jing Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-7793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-7793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417873","display_name":"Xu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0655-2509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001435169","display_name":"Zhu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-160X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-160X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078159594","display_name":"Huaji Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-5589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124847","display_name":"National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/02k4dcs46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124847"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaji Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Jiaxing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-5589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Jiaxing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034517551","display_name":"Talal Ahmed Ali Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-3815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talal Ahmed Ali Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-3815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401814","display_name":"You Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7686-7688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"You Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Group, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Group, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050630882","display_name":"Licheng Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-9617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-9617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0804,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98469409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":"16196","last_page":"16211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7331989407539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.7055825591087341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.6276031136512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5875486731529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5505332350730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4998898506164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.49968671798706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.44715332984924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.43772539496421814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7331989407539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7055825591087341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.6276031136512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5875486731529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5505332350730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4998898506164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.49968671798706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.44715332984924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.43772539496421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3350927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2024.3350927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3177995538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4584413591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62231027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5586935709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515011915","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005956500","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2120019163","https://openalex.org/W2147576921","https://openalex.org/W2158313596","https://openalex.org/W2164607936","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2539166773","https://openalex.org/W2603396821","https://openalex.org/W2745723384","https://openalex.org/W2779692282","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2889017409","https://openalex.org/W2891171053","https://openalex.org/W2916238263","https://openalex.org/W2957915633","https://openalex.org/W3034363127","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3048385670","https://openalex.org/W3085631338","https://openalex.org/W3088383832","https://openalex.org/W3091546937","https://openalex.org/W3112647738","https://openalex.org/W3120036043","https://openalex.org/W3133033995","https://openalex.org/W3133496428","https://openalex.org/W3134320273","https://openalex.org/W3158714121","https://openalex.org/W3168231499","https://openalex.org/W3171007011","https://openalex.org/W3176469059","https://openalex.org/W3197773477","https://openalex.org/W3205809313","https://openalex.org/W3209307818","https://openalex.org/W4205182328","https://openalex.org/W4206709562","https://openalex.org/W4212957666","https://openalex.org/W4225835925","https://openalex.org/W4226011009","https://openalex.org/W4226117432","https://openalex.org/W4284969057","https://openalex.org/W4285741054","https://openalex.org/W4286542032","https://openalex.org/W4311415873","https://openalex.org/W4313275224","https://openalex.org/W4318831920","https://openalex.org/W4321483861","https://openalex.org/W4386470325","https://openalex.org/W6682541512","https://openalex.org/W6766904570","https://openalex.org/W6779997284","https://openalex.org/W6784185929","https://openalex.org/W6790019176","https://openalex.org/W6791742336","https://openalex.org/W6802900763","https://openalex.org/W6917408469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W2905271011","https://openalex.org/W3164948662","https://openalex.org/W4289536128","https://openalex.org/W3153597579","https://openalex.org/W4298151006","https://openalex.org/W2786094008","https://openalex.org/W3131501806","https://openalex.org/W2799683370","https://openalex.org/W2807745940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Seamless":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,38,51,58,65,146,162,207],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"connections":[5],"expose":[6],"many":[7,17],"vulnerabilities":[8],"in":[9,137,210],"wireless":[10],"networks,":[11],"and":[12,62,108,112,122,183,200,215],"IoT":[13,31],"devices":[14],"inevitably":[15],"face":[16],"malicious":[18],"active":[19],"attacks.":[20],"automatic":[21],"modulation":[22,91,97,178,195,211],"recognition":[23],"(AMR)":[24],"is":[25,47,103,113,154],"an":[26,48,158],"effective":[27],"way":[28],"to":[29,55,76,156,177,219],"combat":[30],"physical":[32],"layer":[33],"threats.":[34],"In":[35,81,128,165],"the":[36,56,63,70,101,138,144,147,163,167,172,205],"field":[37],"noncollaborative":[39],"communication,":[40],"feature":[41,79,120,126,130,148,160,168,213],"representation":[42,121,161,214],"learning":[43,88],"for":[44,89,96,180],"unlabeled":[45,72,90],"signals":[46,73,179],"important":[49],"task":[50],"AMR.":[52],"However,":[53],"due":[54],"unavailability":[57],"a":[59,150],"priori":[60],"knowledge":[61],"influence":[64],"interference":[66],"during":[67],"signal":[68,92,196,212],"transmission,":[69],"intercepted":[71],"are":[74,135],"difficult":[75],"perform":[77],"efficient":[78],"representation.":[80,127],"this":[82],"article,":[83],"we":[84],"propose":[85],"cooperative":[86],"contrast":[87],"Cooperative":[93],"Contrast":[94],"Learning":[95],"Signals":[98],"(CoCL-Sig).":[99],"Specifically,":[100],"CoCL-Sig":[102,173],"trained":[104],"using":[105],"both":[106],"sequence":[107,151],"constellation":[109],"diagram":[110],"modalities,":[111],"divided":[114],"into":[115],"two":[116,132,192],"parts:":[117],"1)":[118],"modal-level":[119,129],"2)":[123],"instance-level":[124,159],"auxiliary":[125,152],"representation,":[131,149],"modal":[133],"projections":[134],"matched":[136],"same":[139],"hyperplane":[140],"space.":[141],"To":[142],"ensure":[143],"stability":[145],"branch":[153],"added":[155],"form":[157],"sequence.":[164],"addition,":[166],"representations":[169],"obtained":[170],"by":[171],"can":[174],"be":[175],"applied":[176],"semi-supervised":[181],"classification":[182],"clustering":[184],"tasks.":[185],"We":[186],"have":[187],"conducted":[188],"extensive":[189],"experiments":[190],"on":[191],"widely":[193],"used":[194],"data":[197],"sets,":[198],"RML2016.10A":[199],"RML2016.04C.":[201],"The":[202],"results":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"effectiveness":[206],"our":[208],"method":[209],"its":[216],"superiority":[217],"compared":[218],"other":[220],"methods.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}