{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387831833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3326275","title":"Joint Optimization of Beamforming and Noise Injection for Covert Downlink Transmissions in Cell-Free Internet of Things Networks","display_name":"Joint Optimization of Beamforming and Noise Injection for Covert Downlink Transmissions in Cell-Free Internet of Things Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387831833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3326275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3326275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3326275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012519039","display_name":"Jintao Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-8845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintao Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-8845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086282554","display_name":"Tiejun Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-2419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiejun Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-2419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044162704","display_name":"Weicai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5119-8844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weicai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5119-8844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101544825","display_name":"Wei Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-594X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Data61, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-594X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Data61, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086268677","display_name":"Abbas Jamalipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-7220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Jamalipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-7220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86621487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"10525","last_page":"10536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8372735977172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.76344895362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7010580897331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6507399678230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6061640381813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4995920658111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.46234551072120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.43635791540145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28737199306488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09092235565185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07898211479187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.06127268075942993}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8372735977172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.76344895362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7010580897331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6507399678230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6061640381813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4995920658111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.46234551072120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.43635791540145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28737199306488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09092235565185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07898211479187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.06127268075942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3326275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3326275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2973709634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L222046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5003439219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2141196928","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2808367635","https://openalex.org/W2935217963","https://openalex.org/W2952624925","https://openalex.org/W2962960827","https://openalex.org/W2964042011","https://openalex.org/W3022363124","https://openalex.org/W3116767353","https://openalex.org/W3119936166","https://openalex.org/W3130622053","https://openalex.org/W3135239326","https://openalex.org/W3153831106","https://openalex.org/W3157007851","https://openalex.org/W3179283102","https://openalex.org/W3185268715","https://openalex.org/W3200488266","https://openalex.org/W3201618790","https://openalex.org/W3204986908","https://openalex.org/W3205585862","https://openalex.org/W3212941463","https://openalex.org/W3213207990","https://openalex.org/W3216949739","https://openalex.org/W4205575948","https://openalex.org/W4221057152","https://openalex.org/W4221142974","https://openalex.org/W4225817403","https://openalex.org/W4226380821","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285232488","https://openalex.org/W4289535596","https://openalex.org/W4289656863","https://openalex.org/W4292262948","https://openalex.org/W4292793902","https://openalex.org/W4293219637","https://openalex.org/W4293732311","https://openalex.org/W4294982793","https://openalex.org/W4315777484","https://openalex.org/W4317497257","https://openalex.org/W4319068628","https://openalex.org/W4362500847","https://openalex.org/W4379618794","https://openalex.org/W4384915760","https://openalex.org/W6681648139"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W4388081250","https://openalex.org/W2909457694","https://openalex.org/W1761601995","https://openalex.org/W2904599916","https://openalex.org/W4321608401","https://openalex.org/W4300468626"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,28],"development":[1],"of":[2,4,18,25,160,187],"Internet":[3],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"systems":[7,38],"has":[8],"given":[9],"rise":[10],"to":[11,71,99,110,144],"security":[12,29],"concerns":[13],"stemming":[14],"from":[15],"the":[16,22,35,100,119,125,129,146,154,158,161,164,171,185,188],"exposure":[17],"wireless":[19],"channels":[20],"and":[21,66,91,181],"exponential":[23],"growth":[24],"connected":[26],"devices.":[27,102],"challenges":[30],"can":[31,40],"be":[32],"severer":[33],"in":[34,78],"next-generation":[36],"IoT":[37,80,101],"that":[39,62,153],"disperse":[41],"over":[42],"large":[43],"areas":[44],"under":[45],"a":[46,56,115],"cell-free":[47],"(CF)":[48],"network":[49],"setting.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"article,":[53],"we":[54,139],"propose":[55],"novel":[57],"covert":[58,147],"downlink":[59],"transmission":[60,172],"scheme":[61,156],"jointly":[63],"optimizes":[64],"beamforming":[65],"artificial":[67],"noise":[68,92],"(AN)":[69],"vectors":[70],"obscure":[72],"critical":[73],"transmissions":[74],"at":[75],"an":[76],"eavesdropper":[77],"CF":[79],"Networks.":[81],"We":[82,113],"classify":[83],"access":[84],"points":[85],"(APs)":[86],"as":[87],"information":[88,105],"APs":[89,93],"(IAPs)":[90],"(NAPs)":[94],"based":[95],"on":[96],"their":[97],"proximity":[98],"IAPs":[103],"transmit":[104,148],"while":[106,178],"NAPs":[107],"generate":[108],"AN":[109],"prevent":[111],"eavesdropping.":[112],"derive":[114],"closed-form":[116],"solution":[117],"for":[118],"detection":[120],"error":[121],"probability.":[122],"By":[123],"using":[124],"Lagrangian":[126],"dual":[127],"algorithm,":[128],"complex":[130],"logarithmic":[131],"problem":[132],"is":[133,182],"transformed":[134],"into":[135],"sum-of-ratios":[136],"form.":[137],"Then,":[138],"use":[140],"semidefinite":[141],"relaxation":[142],"(SDR)":[143],"maximize":[145],"rate.":[149],"Numerical":[150],"results":[151],"show":[152],"proposed":[155],"outperforms":[157],"state":[159],"art,":[162],"i.e.,":[163],"suboptimal":[165],"Rand-":[166],"AP":[167],"scheme,":[168],"by":[169,174],"increasing":[170],"rate":[173],"more":[175],"than":[176,184],"23%":[177],"maintaining":[179],"covertness":[180],"better":[183],"rest":[186],"benchmark":[189],"schemes.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}