{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386736992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3315673","title":"A Joint Communication and Learning Framework for Hierarchical Split Federated Learning","display_name":"A Joint Communication and Learning Framework for Hierarchical Split Federated Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386736992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3315673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3315673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3315673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015854563","display_name":"Latif U. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Latif U. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916222","display_name":"Mohsen Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008695053","display_name":"Ala Al\u2010Fuqaha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ala Al-Fuqaha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-1204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034052371","display_name":"Choong Seon Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-7333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choong Seon Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-7333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and the Computer Science Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and the Computer Science Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5519,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96575013,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"268","last_page":"282"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8741521835327148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.648453950881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41307780146598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41135841608047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40208300948143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32808947563171387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8741521835327148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.648453950881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41307780146598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41135841608047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40208300948143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32808947563171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3315673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3315673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8294902003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"8481000021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325295","funder_display_name":"Zayed University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325295","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499137793","https://openalex.org/W2135836520","https://openalex.org/W2616757124","https://openalex.org/W2883271860","https://openalex.org/W2886422817","https://openalex.org/W2920095265","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2989120265","https://openalex.org/W3007690081","https://openalex.org/W3010594930","https://openalex.org/W3015613093","https://openalex.org/W3043758338","https://openalex.org/W3045638580","https://openalex.org/W3090615085","https://openalex.org/W3093683422","https://openalex.org/W3105099026","https://openalex.org/W3109356043","https://openalex.org/W3109503640","https://openalex.org/W3119680904","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3135590557","https://openalex.org/W3160855399","https://openalex.org/W3176294990","https://openalex.org/W3203154572","https://openalex.org/W4220883012","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285234632","https://openalex.org/W4287811172","https://openalex.org/W4287812080","https://openalex.org/W4289147263","https://openalex.org/W4290973502","https://openalex.org/W4291433199","https://openalex.org/W4292862193","https://openalex.org/W4312940001","https://openalex.org/W4313325044","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6756436328","https://openalex.org/W6775817643","https://openalex.org/W6777536727","https://openalex.org/W6784324385","https://openalex.org/W6795146982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"contrast":[1],"to":[2,20,103,153,197,230,262,288,306],"methods":[3],"relying":[4],"on":[5],"a":[6,22,46,80,89,95,168,180,199,240,301,307],"centralized":[7],"training,":[8],"emerging":[9],"Internet":[10],"of":[11,24,39,48,83,145,183,217,234,258,292],"Things":[12],"(IoT)":[13],"applications":[14],"can":[15,161],"employ":[16],"federated":[17],"learning":[18],"(FL)":[19],"train":[21],"variety":[23],"models":[25,41,115,193],"for":[26,35,67,314,333],"performance":[27,330],"improvement":[28],"and":[29,88,223,246,273,282,322],"improved":[30],"privacy":[31],"preservation.":[32],"FL":[33,75,101],"calls":[34],"the":[36,122,125,130,140,143,212,232,259,289,329,334],"distributed":[37],"training":[38],"local":[40,137,146,214],"at":[42,121,129,139],"end-devices,":[43],"which":[44],"uses":[45],"lot":[47],"processing":[49],"power":[50,58,284,324],"(i.e.,":[51],"CPU":[52],"cycles/sec).":[53],"Most":[54],"end-devices":[55],"have":[56],"computing":[57,269],"limitations,":[59],"such":[60,154],"as":[61,304],"IoT":[62],"temperature":[63],"sensors.":[64],"One":[65],"solution":[66],"this":[68,177,253],"problem":[69,207,238,245,261,272],"is":[70,112,174,239,297],"split":[71,74,100],"FL.":[72],"However,":[73],"has":[76],"its":[77],"problems,":[78],"including":[79],"single":[81],"point":[82],"failure,":[84],"issues":[85],"with":[86,124],"fairness,":[87],"poor":[90],"convergence":[91],"rate.":[92],"We":[93],"provide":[94],"novel":[96],"framework,":[97],"called":[98],"hierarchical":[99],"(HSFL),":[102],"overcome":[104],"these":[105,189],"issues.":[106],"On":[107],"grouping,":[108],"our":[109],"HSFL":[110,172,192,336],"framework":[111],"built.":[113],"Partial":[114],"are":[116,150,194,267],"constructed":[117],"within":[118],"each":[119,166],"group":[120,134],"devices,":[123,218],"remaining":[126],"work":[127],"done":[128,298],"edge":[131,141,156,170,187,190,224,268,293],"servers.":[132],"Each":[133],"then":[135,195],"performs":[136],"aggregation":[138],"following":[142],"computation":[144],"models.":[147,164],"End":[148],"devices":[149],"given":[151],"access":[152],"an":[155,205],"aggregated":[157,171,191,196],"model":[158,173],"so":[159,299],"they":[160],"update":[162],"their":[163],"For":[165],"group,":[167],"unique":[169],"produced":[175],"by":[176],"procedure":[178],"after":[179],"set":[181],"number":[182],"rounds.":[184],"Shared":[185],"among":[186],"servers,":[188],"produce":[198],"global":[200],"model.":[201],"Additionally,":[202],"we":[203,255,327],"propose":[204],"optimization":[206],"that":[208],"takes":[209],"into":[210],"account":[211],"relative":[213],"accuracy":[215],"(RLA)":[216],"transmission":[219,221],"latency,":[220],"energy,":[222],"servers\u2019":[225],"compute":[226],"latency":[227],"in":[228],"order":[229],"reduce":[231],"cost":[233],"HSFL.":[235],"The":[236],"formulated":[237,260],"mixed-integer":[241],"nonlinear":[242],"programming":[243],"(MINLP)":[244],"cannot":[247],"be":[248],"solved":[249],"easily.":[250],"To":[251],"tackle":[252],"challenge,":[254],"perform":[256],"decomposition":[257],"yield":[263],"subproblems.":[264],"These":[265],"subproblems":[266],"resource":[270,278,295,318],"allocation":[271,285,296],"joint":[274,315],"RLA":[275,316],"minimization,":[276,317],"wireless":[277],"allocation,":[279,319],"task":[280],"offloading,":[281,321],"transmit":[283,323],"subproblem.":[286],"Due":[287],"convex":[290,302],"nature":[291],"computing,":[294],"utilizing":[300],"optimizer,":[303],"opposed":[305],"block":[308],"successive":[309],"upper-bound":[310],"minimization":[311],"(BSUM)-based":[312],"approach":[313],"job":[320],"allocation.":[325],"Finally,":[326],"present":[328],"evaluation":[331],"findings":[332],"proposed":[335],"scheme.":[337]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}