{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386025744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3306737","title":"Service Function Chain Deployment Using Deep <i>Q</i> Learning and Tidal Mechanism","display_name":"Service Function Chain Deployment Using Deep <i>Q</i> Learning and Tidal Mechanism","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386025744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3306737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3306737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3306737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061482377","display_name":"Jiuyun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-1184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiuyun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-1184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056657971","display_name":"Xuemei Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-0064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001056903","display_name":"Qiang Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences and Technology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, Abington, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-1937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences and Technology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, Abington, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036622666","display_name":"Shibao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3924-9001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3924-9001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061482377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89240561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"5401","last_page":"5416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6522738337516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5570940971374512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5351269245147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.5068877339363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4984462261199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4719357192516327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.13232940435409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.11771407723426819}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6522738337516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5570940971374512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5351269245147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5068877339363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4984462261199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4719357192516327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.13232940435409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.11771407723426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3306737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3306737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1038620037","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483927374","https://openalex.org/W1561366358","https://openalex.org/W2028926203","https://openalex.org/W2168936382","https://openalex.org/W2210790443","https://openalex.org/W2342397732","https://openalex.org/W2343204836","https://openalex.org/W2345566311","https://openalex.org/W2374516805","https://openalex.org/W2512567073","https://openalex.org/W2526634475","https://openalex.org/W2623646697","https://openalex.org/W2763268973","https://openalex.org/W2792866491","https://openalex.org/W2804389053","https://openalex.org/W2808944558","https://openalex.org/W2811205792","https://openalex.org/W2863983772","https://openalex.org/W2889474327","https://openalex.org/W2901980690","https://openalex.org/W2902987093","https://openalex.org/W2903252781","https://openalex.org/W2912325271","https://openalex.org/W2912731102","https://openalex.org/W2915121082","https://openalex.org/W2922466107","https://openalex.org/W2944664390","https://openalex.org/W2949913798","https://openalex.org/W2960479075","https://openalex.org/W2965530325","https://openalex.org/W2969575373","https://openalex.org/W2977857462","https://openalex.org/W2981367186","https://openalex.org/W2989178978","https://openalex.org/W2995673860","https://openalex.org/W2997005626","https://openalex.org/W3026089842","https://openalex.org/W3084210855","https://openalex.org/W3109370623","https://openalex.org/W3129712600","https://openalex.org/W3138223989","https://openalex.org/W3138677255","https://openalex.org/W3188222562","https://openalex.org/W3191752327","https://openalex.org/W3212658727","https://openalex.org/W4213306584","https://openalex.org/W4292084566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W3022067003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,28,33,38,57,73,143,150,156,174,178,193,196],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,30,37,76,173,195,205],"software-defined":[5],"networking/network":[6],"function":[7,12],"virtualization":[8],"(NFV)":[9],"technologies,":[10],"service":[11,22,58,90],"chaining":[13],"(SFC)":[14],"has":[15,181],"become":[16],"a":[17,66,103,121,136],"key":[18],"enabler":[19],"for":[20,46,115,128,158,162,168],"end-to-end":[21],"provisioning":[23],"in":[24,86,96,149,203,213],"future":[25],"networks.":[26],"In":[27],"Internet":[29],"Things":[31],"(IoT),":[32],"highly":[34],"dynamic":[35,47,70,116],"nature":[36],"network":[39,53,87,112],"environment":[40],"demands":[41],"flexible":[42],"and":[43,146,154,165,199,210],"adaptive":[44,129],"mechanisms":[45],"SFC":[48,71,117,163],"deployment":[49,118,164],"to":[50,69,83,101,217],"fully":[51],"utilize":[52],"resources":[54],"while":[55],"meeting":[56],"requirements.":[59],"Although":[60],"reinforcement":[61],"learning":[62,74],"(RL)":[63],"techniques":[64],"offer":[65],"promising":[67],"approach":[68],"deployment,":[72],"delay":[75],"RL":[77],"may":[78],"limit":[79],"its":[80],"prompt":[81],"response":[82],"sudden":[84],"changes":[85],"state":[88],"and/or":[89],"demand.":[91],"To":[92],"address":[93],"this":[94,97],"challenge":[95],"article,":[98],"we":[99],"propose":[100],"employ":[102],"deep":[104],"<inline-formula":[105],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[106],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[107],"<tex-math":[108],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$Q$":[109],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[110],"-learning":[111],"(DQN)":[113],"method":[114,145],"combined":[119],"with":[120,177],"tidal":[122,137],"virtual":[123,130],"machine":[124,131],"(TVM)":[125],"control":[126,148,167],"mechanism":[127],"(VM)":[132],"auto-scaling.":[133],"We":[134],"present":[135],"DQN":[138,144],"framework":[139,176],"(TDQNF)":[140],"that":[141],"integrates":[142],"TVM":[147,166],"ETSI":[151],"NFV":[152],"architecture":[153],"develop":[155],"algorithms":[157,180],"implementing":[159],"DQN-based":[160],"decisions":[161],"VM":[169],"scaling.":[170],"The":[171,188],"performance":[172,202],"TDQNF":[175],"proposed":[179,197],"been":[182],"evaluated":[183],"through":[184],"extensive":[185],"simulation":[186],"experiments.":[187],"obtained":[189],"experimental":[190],"results":[191],"verify":[192],"effectiveness":[194],"scheme":[198],"indicate":[200],"better":[201],"terms":[204],"system":[206],"delay,":[207],"packet":[208],"loss,":[209],"load":[211],"balancing":[212],"large-scale":[214],"networks":[215],"compared":[216],"existing":[218],"methods.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}