{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385938100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3306001","title":"Anchor-Free Multi-UAV Detection and Classification Using Spectrogram","display_name":"Anchor-Free Multi-UAV Detection and Classification Using Spectrogram","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385938100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3306001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3306001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3306001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011473671","display_name":"Runyi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0005-5389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runyi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0005-5389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440801","display_name":"Tao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9968-2993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017026695","display_name":"Yongzhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-6652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongzhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029601945","display_name":"Yuhan Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4278-5662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4278-5662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421972","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-5739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-5739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1909,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93707687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"5259","last_page":"5272"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.8933138847351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.839949369430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7362619042396545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6289041042327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5835688710212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5131972432136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5049794316291809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.46401652693748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45587629079818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3719463348388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08131760358810425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.8933138847351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.839949369430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7362619042396545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6289041042327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5835688710212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5131972432136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5049794316291809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.46401652693748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45587629079818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3719463348388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08131760358810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3306001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3306001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2115403315","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2464322612","https://openalex.org/W2559489103","https://openalex.org/W2598144628","https://openalex.org/W2623923152","https://openalex.org/W2626037489","https://openalex.org/W2626849399","https://openalex.org/W2718471533","https://openalex.org/W2755588152","https://openalex.org/W2797804613","https://openalex.org/W2863031842","https://openalex.org/W2887277584","https://openalex.org/W2903928349","https://openalex.org/W2914952404","https://openalex.org/W2916832800","https://openalex.org/W2919467785","https://openalex.org/W2944086006","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964138953","https://openalex.org/W2976792973","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3007626257","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3017995847","https://openalex.org/W3024044210","https://openalex.org/W3025996032","https://openalex.org/W3105346219","https://openalex.org/W3124372372","https://openalex.org/W3131055141","https://openalex.org/W3136235398","https://openalex.org/W3162073908","https://openalex.org/W3175086488","https://openalex.org/W3186636284","https://openalex.org/W4226474208","https://openalex.org/W4285126180","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4315630256","https://openalex.org/W4319878477","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6750227808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W3127543252","https://openalex.org/W2065606036","https://openalex.org/W2942893872","https://openalex.org/W2016904525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,50,106,109,124],"unmanned":[3],"aerial":[4],"vehicle":[5],"(UAV)":[6],"technology":[7],"have":[8],"brought":[9],"immense":[10],"convenience":[11],"to":[12,21,73,92,166,198],"society.":[13],"However,":[14],"unauthorized":[15],"UAVs":[16,48,78],"pose":[17],"a":[18,107,161],"serious":[19],"threat":[20],"personal":[22],"privacy,":[23],"public":[24],"safety,":[25],"and":[26,33,68,75,126,134,159,186,195,207],"aviation":[27],"security.":[28],"Therefore,":[29],"accurate":[30],"UAV":[31,94,101,121,144],"detection":[32],"classification":[34],"are":[35,89],"crucial.":[36],"Moreover,":[37],"with":[38],"the":[39,44,51,86,97,100,117,120,138,190,200,203,208,211],"increased":[40],"popularity":[41],"of":[42,46,99,119,140,202,210],"UAVs,":[43],"likelihood":[45],"multiple":[47,77],"appearing":[49],"same":[52],"area":[53],"simultaneously":[54],"has":[55],"also":[56],"dramatically":[57],"increased.":[58],"Recent":[59],"studies":[60],"demonstrate":[61],"that":[62],"object":[63,87,141],"detectors,":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66],"FasterRCNN":[67],"YOLO,":[69],"can":[70,183],"be":[71],"used":[72,91],"detect":[74],"classify":[76,93],"based":[79,156],"on":[80,157],"spectrograms.":[81],"To":[82,146,170],"our":[83],"best":[84],"knowledge,":[85],"detectors":[88],"directly":[90],"without":[95],"considering":[96],"characteristics":[98,118],"signal":[102,122],"spectrogram,":[103],"which":[104,182],"results":[105],"decrease":[108],"recognition":[110,168],"performance.":[111,169],"In":[112],"this":[113],"article,":[114],"we":[115,151,174],"analyze":[116],"spectrogram":[123,194,197],"detail":[125],"conclude":[127],"two":[128],"problems,":[129],"i.e.,":[130],"prior":[131,148],"anchor":[132,149],"mismatch":[133],"cross-domain":[135,172],"detection,":[136,173],"hindering":[137],"implementation":[139],"detector":[142,155,206],"for":[143],"recognition.":[145],"solve":[147,171],"mismatch,":[150],"propose":[152,175],"an":[153,176],"anchor-free":[154,205],"keypoint":[158],"design":[160],"novel":[162],"keypoints":[163],"matching":[164],"algorithm":[165],"improve":[167],"adversarial":[177],"learning-based":[178],"data":[179,213],"adaptation":[180,214],"method,":[181],"generate":[184],"domain-independent":[185],"domain-aligned":[187],"features.":[188],"Finally,":[189],"experiments":[191],"adopt":[192],"practical":[193],"synthetic":[196],"verify":[199],"superiority":[201],"proposed":[204,212],"effectiveness":[209],"method.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}